Homer: the author of Iliad and Odyssey.[b][b]Aristotle: omnificent at physics, mathematics, literature as well as art[b][b]Archimedes: who discovered the theory of fluid buoyancy principles.[b][b]Da Vinci: one of the great masters of the High Renaissance, is a scientist of anatomy and optics, and integrate these physical skills into his paintings.[b][b] Socrates: "no evil can happen to a good man, either in life or after death."[b][b]Copernicus: best known for his astronomical theory called the heliocentric, or sun-centered, system[b][b]Columbus: find a short way to "Indian"[b][b]Michelongelo: In painting figures, he chose poses that were especially difficult to draw. Brooding, isolated, challenging, temperamental—these are the words that described Michelangelo’s character and that we still use to describe artists seized by an inspiration that seems more than human.[b][b]Magellan: Whose great achievement was to confirm that the earth is round, measure its circumference, determine the length of a degree of latitude, and show that the world’s oceans were connected. Magellan’s secretary, an Italian named Antonio Pigafetta, who published his journal of the voyage, was among the first persons to note that the westward circling of the earth results in the loss of one calendar day.[b][b]Cervantes: Spanish writer, considered by many to be the greatest Spanish author, whose novel Don Quixote (Part I, 1605; Part II, 1615) is regarded as one of the masterpieces of world literature. Because of his eloquent style and remarkable insight, Cervantes has achieved acclaim comparable to that given to such literary greats as Greek poet Homer, Italian poet Dante Alighieri, and English playwright William Shakespeare.[b][b]Descartes: Who stressed the importance of skepticism in thought and proposed the idea that existence had a dual nature: one physical, the other mental. Chance favors only the prepared mind.[b][b]Washington,George: the first president of the United States and one of the most important leaders in United States history. His role in gaining independence for the American colonies and later in unifying them under the new U.S. federal government cannot be overestimated. Laboring against great difficulties, he created the Continental Army, which fought and won the American Revolution, out of what was little more than an armed mob.[b][b]Watt: Scottish inventor and mechanical engineer, renowned for his improvements of the steam engine.[b][b][b]Jefferson: the third president of the United States (1801-1809) and author of the Declaration of Independence. We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.[b][b]Roosevelt: who held office during two of the greatest crises ever faced by the United States: the Great Depression of the 1930s, followed by World War II. His domestic program, known as the New Deal, introduced far-reaching reforms within the free enterprise system and prepared the way for what is often called the welfare state. His leadership of the Democratic Party transformed it into a political vehicle for American liberalism. Both in peacetime and in war his impact on the office of president was enormous. Although there had been strong presidents before him, they were the exception. In Roosevelt’s 12 years in office strong executive leadership became a basic part of United States government. He made the office of president the center of diplomatic initiative and the focus of domestic reform.[b][b]Republican Party and Democratic Party[b][b]Adam Smith: British philosopher and economist, whose celebrated treatise An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. Every individual in pursuing his or her own good is led, as if by an invisible hand, to achieve the best good for all. Therefore any interference with free competition by government is almost certain to be injurious.[b][b]Lincoln: Preserve the union during the Civil War, and had a lasting influence on American political institutions, most importantly in setting the precedent of vigorous executive action in time of national emergency.[b][b]Darwin: British scientist, who laid the foundation of modern evolutionary theory with his concept of the development of all forms of life through the slow-working process of natural selection.[b][b]Pasteur: world-renowned French chemist and biologist, who founded the science of microbiology, proved the germ theory of disease, invented the process of pasteurization, and developed vaccines for several diseases, including rabies. [b][b]Galileo: Whose main contributions were, in astronomy, the use of the telescope in observation and the discovery of sunspots, lunar mountains and valleys, the four largest satellites of Jupiter, and the phases of Venus. In physics, he discovered the laws of falling bodies and the motions of projectiles. In the history of culture, Galileo stands as a symbol of the battle against authority for freedom of inquiry. Heliocentricism[b][b]Gerstner: CEO of IBM[b][b]Hawking: British theoretical physicist and mathematician whose main field of research has been the nature of space and time, including irregularities in space and time known as singularities. relativity theory, and quantum mechanics [b][b][b]Nash: American economist who discovered famous game theory of "Nash Equilibrium", Schiz.[b][b]Edison: invent bulb