答案与详解 [b]1．A．条件句表示与现在事实相反的虚拟。 [b]2．B．条件句表示与过去事实的虚拟。 [b]3．A．条件句表示与未来事实的虚拟。 [b]4．B．条件句表示与未来事实的相反。 [b]5．C．条件句表示与现在事实的虚拟。 [b]6．D．条件句表示与现在事实的虚拟。 [b]7．B．这个句子中含有一个省略if，把助动词提前到主语they之前的虚拟条件句，该条件句表示对过去情况的假设，而主句中by the time they were finished 表明主句也应该是对过去发生的情况的假设，因而应该选（B）would have lost为正确答案。 [b]8．（D）这道题目是一个混合虚拟语气的句子。条件句省略了if，把助词had提前到主语前面，表示对过去情况的假设，而主句中now表明了对现在情况的假设，所以应选would(should, could, might)+动词原形这种表达形式。四个选项中只有（D）是正确表达形式，故为正确答案。 [b]9．（D）until recently，因此（D）是正确答案，而主句是隐含的对现在情况的假设，该句是一个混合虚拟条件句。 [b]10．（B）假设的情况有时不是用一个条件句表示，而是隐含在一个由介词如but for、but that、without, 由连词but、副词otherwise 、比较级、形容词、独立主格等表示的上下文中。本句主句表示对过去情况的假设，但事实上由于英语考试而没有去成，即若不是因为英语考试，我本可以去听音乐会，所以应选But for为正确答案。 [b]11．（C）题目中的第一句话表示的是现在真实的情况，而第二句话中所要表达的是应该做但事实上没有做的事，这种情况导致第一句话中真实情况的发生，故If only条件句假设的是过去一种情况，因此应该用had +过去分词，所以正确答案是（C）。 [b]12．D．注意主句now表示现在的时间状语，所以主句是对现在虚拟，从句是对过去虚拟。 [b]13．A．从句对过去的虚拟。 [b]14．B．从句表示虚拟，而主句是事实。 [b]15．（D）it是形式宾语，urgent是宾语补足语，that引导的从句是真正的宾语从句，该从句的内容被认为是urgent（急迫的），这样从句的谓语动词要求用虚拟语气形式，即should（可以省略）+动词原形。因此，本题正确答案是（D）。 [b]16．（C）在表示要求、愿望、建议、请求、命令等含义的名词同位语从句中，从句谓语动词要用虚拟语气形式，即should(可以省略)+动词原形。 [b]17．（D）本道题目的前半句话是对过去情况的一种假设，但事实上并没有发生，而事实上没有发生的真实原因是句子的后半部分由but引导的转折句所表述的真实。因而but所引导的句子中应该用表示志过去事实相符合的表陈述的时态，即一般过去时。 [b]18．（B）此题要求在if从句中选择适当的动词形式，以主句中的动词apologize(抱歉)来看，if从句中表达的内容应该是过去做的事，因此可以排除（A），因为（A）是现在时。（C）中should+have+过去分词结构表示本来应该做却没有做的事，在此不合题意。（D）选项中的might+have+过去分词表示对过去发生的事情很不肯定的猜测，它表达的内容还不能成为事实，所以藉此道歉真是不知从何说起，因此此处也不合题意。（B）had offended表示当时已经发生了的动作。这是复杂条件句：apologize 是现在，而条件句是表示对过去假设的条件句。 [b]19．（A）该句也是一个复杂条件句（或称作混合虚拟条件句）。条件句表示对过去情况的假设，而主句表示对现在情况的假设，但事实上却与此相反，所以正确答案应该是（A）。 [b]20．（A）as if引导的从句要求用虚拟语气，表示同时或将来的情况，动词要用过去式（be动词用were）或would(could等)+动词原形，本句话中指的是当时的情况，所以要用过去式，故（A）是正确答案。 [b]21．D． [b]22．D． [b]23．C． [b]24．A． [b]25．D． [b]26．（B）had not occurred表示对过去的虚拟，条件句中要用过去完成式，主句中要用should(would, could, might)+动词原形的过去分词。 [b]27．（B）had hoped是常见的要求其后的宾语从句用虚拟语气的句型,虚拟语气would+动词原形。 [b]28．（C）表示对过去情况的假设，主句动词形式为would(should, could, might)+have+过去分词，条件句为过去完成式，if可以省略，但要把had提前主语前面。（B），（D）的表达不符合英语表达习惯，所以（C）是正确答案。 [b]29．（A）suggest后面的从句要用虚拟语气形式，其形式为should（可以省略）+动词原形。 [b]30．A．表示与现在相反的虚拟。 [b]31．A．as though引导的与过去相反的虚拟。 [b]32．D．felt是过去式，所以该句是由as though引导的与过去相反的虚拟。 [b]33．D．as if引导的与现在事实相反的虚拟。 [b]34．A．as if引导的与过去相反的虚拟。 [b]35．C． [b]36．（D）would rather后接从句要求用虚拟语气，形式为过去式，表示对现在或将来的假设，或为过去完成式表示对过去的情况的假设。 [b]37．（C）who引导的定语从句中的现在完成时表示动作业已发生，所以主句中表示的虚拟是针对已经发生了的行为，所以应该用过去完成式表示对过去的虚拟。 [b]38．（B） [b]39．（C）这是一人含蓄虚拟条件句，通过介词短语without,表示潜在的一种假设，而主句中的情况也早已经发生，所以是对过去情况的一种假设，因此用would not have been achieved这一形式。 [b]40．（D）连so that引导的从句中要求用虚拟语气，表示一种假设，形式为might+动词原形。 [b]41．（B）It is time that是一种要求从句用虚拟语气的常见句型。虚拟语气形式为动词的过去式。 [b]42．（C） [b]43．（C）otherwise用来表示一种含蓄的虚拟假设，因为是对过去(yesterday)的情况的假设，所以应该用would have come形式。 [b]44．（B）所给的四个选项中没有一个表示对未来的情况的虚拟的形式should+动词原形，或是were to do，因此可以断定if引导的条件句在这里最真实的条件句，用一般现在时表示一般将来时，故（B）是正确答案。 [b]45．（A）这是一个混合虚拟语气的句子，if条件句表示的是对过去情况的假设，而主句是对现在（now）的情况的假设，故用would tell形式。 [b]46．C． [b]47．C． [b]48．C． [b]49．B．would rather引导的虚拟语气其谓语用过去式。 [b]50．D．would as soon引导的虚拟语气，其谓语动词也用过去式. [b]51．B． [b]52．B． [b]53．B． [b]54．B． [b]55．C．注意单词otherwise引导虚拟语气。 [b]56．C．同上。 [b]57．A．注意词组for fear that [b]58．A．注意without [b]59．C． [b]60．C． [b]61．D． [b]62．B． [b]63．D． [b]64．A． [b]65．D． 非谓语动词主要包括不定式、动名词和现在分词。为了区分这三种不同的非谓语动词的用法和含义，我们将分别从三种非谓语动词在句子中做主语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语、状语、 [b]表语以及一些特殊结构句型等角度来区分其用法和细微含义。 [b] 1．不定式和动名词作主语的区别 [b] (1)动名词作主语通常表示抽象动作；而不定式作主语表示具体动作。 [b] Smoking is prohibited(禁止)here．这里禁止抽烟。(抽象) [b] It is not very good for you to smoke so much．你抽这么多烟对你身体很不好。(具体) [b] (2)动名词作主语时，通常用以表示一件已知的事或经验。 [b] 不定式短语通常用来表示一件未完成的事或目的。 [b] Climbing mountains is interesting．爬山很有趣。(经验) [b] Driving a car during the rush hour is tiring．在高峰时刻开车令人厌烦。(经验) [b] （3）不定式做主语，一般用it当形式主语，把作主语的不定式短语后置。 [b] It took me only five minutes to finish the job. [b] 2．不定式、动名词和分词作表语的区别 [b] (1)不定式作表语 [b] 1)不定式作表语一般表示具体动作，特别是表示将来的动作。 [b] To do two things at a time is to do neither．--次做两件事等于未做。 [b] What I would suggest is to start work at once.我的建议是立刻开始干。 [b] 2）如果主语是不定式（表示条件），表语也是不定式（表示结果）。 [b] To see is to believe.百闻不如一见。 [b] To work means to earn a living．工作就是为了生活。 [b] 3)如果主语是以aim，duty，hope，idea，happiness，job，plan，problem，purpose，thing，wish等为中心的名词，或以what引导的名词性从句，不定式作表语是对主语起补充说明作用。 [b] His wish is to buy a luxurious car in the near future．他的希望是在不远的将来买一辆豪华轿车。 [b] The function of Louis Sullivan’s architecture was to provide large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior. [b]The most important thing is to negotiate with them about the future of the plant． [b] (2)动名词作表语：动名词作表语，表示抽象的一般性的行为。 [b]Our work is serving the people．我们的工作是为人民服务。 [b]His hobby is collecting stamps．他的爱好是集邮。 [b] [b](注)动名词作表语时与进行时态中的现在分词形式相同，但其所属结构迥异，进行时态说明动作是由主语完成的。动名词做表语，说明主语的性质或情况。 [b]People cannot but feel puzzled，for they simply cannot understand how he could have made such a stupid mistake. [b] His victory in the final was no more convincing than I had expected． [b] (3)分词作表语 [b] 分词做表语有两种情况，一种是现在分词做表语，一种是过去分词做表语，这两者区别是考试中经常考到的地方。一般来说，表示心理状态的动词如excite，interest等都是及物动词，汉语意思不是“激动”，“高兴”，而是“使激动”、“使高兴”，因而现在分词应该是“令人激动的”、“令人高兴的”，过去分词则是“感到激动的”和“感到高兴的”。所以，凡表示“令人……的”都是-ing形式，凡是表示“感到……”都用-ed形式。换句话说，若人对……感兴趣，就是somebody is interested in...,若人/物本身有兴趣时，就是说sb./sth. is interesting.这类词常见的有： [b] interesting使人感到高兴--interested感到高兴的 [b] exciting令人激动的--excited感到激动的 [b] delighting令人高兴的--delighted感到高兴的 [b] disappointing令人失望的--disappointed感到失望的 [b] encouraging令人鼓舞的--encouraged感到鼓舞的 [b] pleasing令人愉快的--pleased感到愉快的 [b] puzzling令人费解的--puzzled感到费解的 [b] satisfying令人满意的---satisfied感到满意的 [b] surprising令人惊异的--surprised感到惊异的 [b] worrying令人担心的--worried感到担心的 [b] Travelling is interesting but tiring．旅行是有趣的，但是使人疲劳。 [b] The pupils will get confused if they are made to learn too much．如果要学生学得太多，他们会感到糊涂的。 [b] The argument is very convincing．他的论点很令人信服。 [b] They were very excited at the news．听到这个消息，他们非常激动。 [b] 3．不定式和动名词作宾语的区别 [b]英语中大多数动词既可跟不定式，也可跟动名词作直接宾语，但有些动词要求： [b](1)不定式做宾语和宾语补足语 [b] 1)下面的动词要求不定式做宾语 [b] attempt企图 enable能够 neglect忽视 [b] afford负担得起 demand要求 long渴望 [b] arrange安排 destine注定 mean意欲，打算 [b] begin开始 expect期望 omit忽略，漏 [b] appear似乎，显得 determine决定 manage设法 [b] cease停止 hate憎恨，厌恶 pretend假装 [b] ask问 dread害怕 need需要 [b] agree同意 desire愿望 love爱 [b] swear宣誓 volunteer志愿 wish希望 [b] bear承受 endeavor努力 offer提供 [b] beg请求 fail不能 plan计划 [b] bother扰乱；烦恼 forget忘记 prefer喜欢，宁愿 [b] care关心，喜欢 happen碰巧 prepare准备 [b] decide决定 learn学习 regret抱歉，遗憾 [b] choose选择 hesitate犹豫 profess表明 [b] claim要求 hope希望 promise承诺，允许 [b] start开始 undertake承接 want想要 [b] consent同意，赞同 intend想要 refuse拒绝 [b] decide决定 learn学习 vow起 [b] contrive设法，图谋 incline有…倾向 propose提议 [b]seek找，寻觅 try试图 [b] 2)下面的动词要求不定式做宾补：动词+宾语+动词不定式 [b] ask要求，邀请 get请，得到 prompt促使 [b] allow允许 forbid禁止 prefer喜欢，宁愿 [b] announce宣布 force强迫 press迫使 [b] bride 收买 inspire鼓舞 request请求 [b] assist协助 hate憎恶 pronounce断定，表示 [b] advise劝告 exhort告诫，勉励 pray请求 [b] authorize授权，委托 help帮助 recommend劝告，推荐 [b] bear容忍 implore恳求 remind提醒 [b] beg请求 induce引诱 report报告 [b] compel强迫 invite吸引，邀请， summon传唤 [b] command命令 intend想要，企图 show 显示 [b] drive驱赶 mean意欲，打算 train训练 [b] cause引起 instruct指示 require要求 [b] deserve应受 leave使，让 tell告诉 [b] direct指导 like喜欢 tempt劝诱 [b] entitle有资格 order命令 warn告诫 [b] enable使能够 need需要 urge激励，力说 [b] encourage鼓励 oblige不得不 want想要 [b] condemn指责，谴责 lead引起，使得 teach教 [b] entreat恳求 permit允许 wish希望 [b] (2)有少数动词只能用动名词作宾语 [b] acknowledge承认，自认 cease 停止 mention说到，讲到 [b]admit 承认 tolerate忍受 dislike不喜欢，讨厌 [b]advocate：提倡，主张 complete完成 dread可怕 [b]appreciate 感激，欣赏 confess坦白 endure忍受 [b]avoid避免 contemplate细想 enjoy享有，喜爱 [b]bear忍受 defer拖延 envy嫉妒 [b]can’t help不禁 delay延迟 escape逃跑，逃避 [b]can’t stand受不了 deny否认 excuse借口 [b]consider 考虑 detest嫌恶 fancy幻想，爱好 [b]favor 造成，偏爱 mind 介意 repent悔悟 [b]figure描绘，计算 miss错过 resent怨恨 [b]finish完成，结束不得 pardon原谅，饶恕 resist抵抗，阻止 [b]forgive原谅 permit 允许 resume恢复 [b]imagine设想 postpone延迟，延期 risk冒险 [b]involve卷入，包含 practise 实行，实践 suggest建议 [b]hate讨厌 prevent阻止 save营救，储蓄 [b]keep保持 quit放弃停止 stand坚持，忍受 [b]loathe非常讨厌，厌恶 recall回想 [b]例如：I appreciate having been given the opportunity to study abroad two years ago.我很感激两年前给我出国学习的机会。 [b](3)有些动词后使用动名词和动词不定式作宾语的差别 [b]1）forget to do 忘记要去做某事（此事未做） [b] forget doing忘记做过某事（此事已做过或已发生） [b]2）stop to do 停止、中断（某件事），目的是去做另一件事 [b] stop doing 停止正在或经常做的事 [b]3）remember to do 记住去做某事（未做） [b] remember doing记得做过某事(已做) [b]4) regret to do对要做的事遗憾 [b] regret doing对做过的事遗憾、后悔 [b]5）try to do努力、企图做某事 [b] try doing试验、试一试某种办法 [b]6) mean to do打算，有意要… [b] mean doing意味着 [b]7）go on to do 继而（去做另外一件事情） [b] go on doing 继续（原先没有做完的事情） [b]8）propose to do 打算（要做某事） [b] proposing doing建议（做某事） [b]9) like /love/hate/ prefer +to do 表示具体行为；+doing sth 表示抽象、倾向概念 [b]（注)如果这些动词前有should一词，其后宾语只跟不定式，不能跟动名词。例如： [b] I should like to see him tomorrow． [b]10) need, want, deserve +动名词表被动意义；+不定式被动态表示“要(修、清理等)”意思。 [b] Don’t you remember seeing the man before?你不记得以前见过那个人吗? [b] You must remember to leave tomorrow．你可要记着是明天动身。 [b] I don’t regret telling her what I thought．我不后悔给她讲过我的想法。(已讲过) [b] I regret to have to do this，but I have no choice．我很遗憾必须这样去做，我实在没办法。(未做但要做) [b] You must try to be more careful．你可要多加小心。 [b] Let’s try doing the work some other way．让我们试一试用另外一种办法来做这工作。 [b] I didn’t mean to hurt your feeling．我没想要伤害你的感情。 [b]This illness will mean(your)going to hospital．得了这种病(你)就要进医院。 [b]4．不定式、现在分词和过去分词作定语的区别 [b](1）不定式作定语 [b] 1)不定式与其所修饰的名词可能是主谓关系 [b] He was the last one to leave school yesterday．昨天他是最后一个离开教室的。 [b] The train to arrive was from London．将要到站的火车是从伦敦开来的。 [b] 2)不定式与其所修饰的名词可能是动宾关系 [b] Get him something to eat．给他拿点儿东西吃。 [b] She has a lot of work to do in the morning．早上他有很多工作要做。 [b] 3)不及物动词构成的不定式做定语，要加上适当的介词和被修饰的名词形成逻辑上的动宾关系，这里的介词不能省去。 [b] I need a pen to write with．我需要一支笔写字。 [b] There is nothing to worry about．没有什么值得发愁的。 [b] 4)不定式修饰一些表示方向、原因、时间、机会、权利等抽象名词如： [b] ability能力，本领 drive赶，驾驶 movement运动，活动 [b] ambition抱负，野心 effort努力，尝试 need需要，需求 [b] campaign战役，运动 failure失败，不及格 opportunity机会 [b] chance机会 force力，压力，要点 promise许诺，希望 [b] courage勇气 intention意向，意图 reason理由，原因 [b] decision决定 method方法，方式 light光，光线，亮光 [b] determination决心，决定 motive动机，目的 struggle奋斗，努力， [b] tendency倾向，趋势 wish希望，愿望，祝愿 [b] 5）被修饰的名词前有序数词、形容词最高级或next， second, last, only和not a，the等限定词时候，只能用不定式。 [b]6）不定代词something, nothing, little, much, a lot 等习惯上用不定式做定语。 [b] John will do anything but work on a farm．除了农活，约翰什么都愿意干。 [b]7）如果其动词要求用不定式做宾语，或者其形容词要器接不定式做补语，则相应的名词一般用不定式做定语。如： tend to do---tendency to do；decide to do = decision to do；be curious to do = curiosity to do [b] His wish to buy a car came true．他要买辆车的愿望实现了。 [b] Their decision to give up the experiment surprised us． [b] 他们放弃这个实验的决定使我们大吃一惊。 [b] He is always the first to come and the last to leave． [b] 他总是第一个到来，最后一个离去。 [b](2)分词作定语 [b] 分词作定语时有下面几个特点： [b] 1)现在分词表示主动意义，过去分词一般表示被动含意。 [b] 2)现在分词表示正在进行，过去分词表示状态或做完(完成)的事。 [b] He rushed into the burning house．他冲进了正在燃烧着的房子。 [b] The child standing over there is my brother．站在那儿的男孩子是我弟弟。 [b] The room facing south is our classroom．朝南的房间是我们的教室。 [b] Have you got your watch repaired? 你拿到那个修好的表了吗? [b] He is an advanced teacher．他是个先进教师。 [b]3）下列不及物动词也以过去分词形式做定语或表语，但不具有被动意义，这点要注意： [b]departed, elapsed, faded, fallen, gone, frown-up, retired, returned, risen, set, vanished, much-traveled, newly-arrived, recently-come [b](3)不定式和分词作定语时的时间关系 [b]一般来说，不定式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之后；现在分词所表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生；过去分词表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。例如： [b]Do you want to see the doctor to be sent for from Beijing? [b]你要见那位将从北京请来的医生吗？ [b]Do you want to see the doctor working on the case report in the office? [b]你要见那位正在办公室里写病历的医生吗？ [b]5．不定式和分词作状语的区别 [b]（1）现在分词与过去分词作状语的区别。 [b] 现在分词做状语与过去分词做状语的最主要区别在于两者与所修饰的主语的主动与被动关系的区别。 [b]1）现在分词作状语时，现在分词的动作就是句子主语的动作，它们之间的关系是主动关系。 [b]He went out shutting the door behind him. [b]他出去后将门随手关上。 [b]Not knowing what to do, he went to his parents for help. [b]由于不知如何办是好，他去找父母帮忙。 [b]2）过去分词作状语时，过去分词表示的动作是句子主语承受的动作，它们之间的关系是被动关系。 [b]Given more attention, the trees could have grown better. [b]如果对这些树多关心一些，它们本来会长得更好。 [b]Faced with difficulties, we must try to overcome them. [b]在遇到困难的时候，我们必须设法克服。 [b](2)动词不定式和分词作状语的区别 [b]1)分词作状语一般表示伴随，而不定式常常表示目的。 [b] They stood by the roadside talking about the plan．他们站在路边谈论着这个计划。(伴随) [b] They stood by the roadside to talk about the plan．他们站在路边为的是谈论这个计划。(目的) [b]2)分词作状语放在句子开头，除表示原因之外有时表示时间或条件。动词不定式作状语时，除了表示目的以外，还表示结果或原因。 [b] Reading attentively，he forgot the time for lunch．由于在专心读书，他忘了吃午饭的时间。(原因) [b] Reading carefully，he found something he had not known before．他仔细读书时，发现了一些从前不知道的东西。(时间) [b] Reading carefully，you'll learn something new．只要你仔细阅读，你会学到一些新的东西。(条件) [b] His family was too poor to support him．他的家庭太穷，不能维持他的生活。(结果) [b] The boy is not tall enough to reach the book shelf．这男孩个子不够高，手伸不到书架。(结果) [b]We are glad to hear the news．我们很高兴听到这消息。(原因) [b]（3）下面一些句型是不定式做状语时候应该注意的： [b] a：not/never too…to, too…not to , but/only too… to, too ready/eager/apt/inclined to 表示肯定意义 [b] b：做结果状语的不定式只能出现在句子的末尾，常见的不定式动词有：find, hear, see, be told, form, give, make, produce 等。 [b] c：不定式做状语时，其逻辑主语一般为句子的主语，否则用for引导主语。 [b]6．非谓语动词常考的其它结构 [b]（1)疑问词+不定式结构 [b] 疑问词who，what，which，when，where和how后加不定式可构成一种特殊的不定式短语。它在句中可以用作主语、宾语、表语和双重宾语。如： [b] When to start has not been decided．何时动身尚未决定。(主语) [b] I don’t know what to do．我不知道该怎么办。(宾语) [b] The difficulty was how to cross the river．困难在于如何过河。(表语) [b]I can tell you where to get this book.我可以告诉你哪里可以买到此书。（双重宾语） [b]（注）A.有时疑问词前可用介词，如： [b] I have no idea of how to do it.我不知道如何做此事。 [b] B.动词know 后面不能直接跟不定式作宾语，只能跟疑问词（如：how, what）+不定式： [b]While still a young boy, Tom knew to play the piano well and as he grew older, he wrote operas, the most famous of which is Carmen. [b](2)介词except和but作“只有…，只能…”讲时跟不定式结构（but与不带to的不定式连用）。 [b] When the streets are full of melting snow, you cannot help but getting your shoes wet. [b](3)不带to的不定式 [b]1）在表示生理感觉的动词后的不定式不带to。这类词有： [b]feel 觉得 observe 注意到，看到 overhear听到 [b]watch注视 listen to听 perceive察觉，感知 [b]notice注意 see看见 look at看 hear听 [b] On seeing the young child fell into the lake，Eric sprang to his feet，and went on the rescue. [b]2)另一类是某些使役动词，如make, let，have等。如： [b] Let him do it.让他做吧。 [b] I would have you know that I am ill．我想要你知道我病了。 [b] (注)： [b] ①上述感觉动词与使役动词转换为被动结构时．其后的不定式一般需带to，如： [b] He was seen to come． [b] The boy was made to go to bed early. [b] ②在动词find与help之后，不定式可带to亦可不带to，如: [b] He was surprised to find the sheep (to) break fence at this season．他发现羊在此季节越出栅栏，感到惊讶。 [b] 3)在do nothing／anything／everything but(except)结构中。例如： [b] Last night I did nothing but watch TV．昨天晚上，我除了看电视别的什么也没有干。 [b] 但是，如果谓语动词不是“do nothing，anything，everything”，那么but(except)所跟的不定式则仍须带。 [b] The doctor told him nothing but to stop smoking．医生除了让他戒烟，其它什么都没有说。 [b]There was nothing for them to do but to remain silent．除了保持沉默以外，他们没有别有别的办法。 [b]（4）不定式与动名词的逻辑主语和分词独立结构 [b]1)不定式的逻辑主语为：for +名词(或代词宾格)+ 不定式。例如： [b] I found it impossible for him to do the job alone．我发现他—个人干这活是不可能的。 [b] (注)在表示人物性格、特性等的形容词后面，常用of引出不定式的逻辑主语。例如： [b] It was wise of him to do that．他那样做是明智的。 [b]2)动名词的逻辑主语为；①人称代词的所有格+动名词；②名词’s+动名词。例如： [b] Tom insisted on my going with them．他坚持要我和他们一起去。 [b] He dislikes his wife’s working late．他不喜欢他妻子工作得很晚。 [b]3)某些形容词，如：careless等不定式后可以加of来引导出其逻辑主语。这类词主要有：absurd, bold, brave, courageous, careful, careless, clever, wise, foolish, silly, stupid, good, nice, kind thoughtful, considerate, greedy, generous, honest, modest, polite, rude, cruel ,selfish, wicked, wrong等 [b] It is very kind of you to help me．你帮助我太好了。 [b] 间或也可用for + there to be表示（而且there后面的不定式只能是to be）。 [b]It’s a great pity for there to be much trouble in the company.太遗憾了公司里有这么多的麻烦。 [b]7．非谓语动词中的有关句型 [b]（1）动名词作主语的句型 [b] 1）Doing...+ v. Reading is an art.阅读是门艺术。Seeing is believing.眼见为实。 [b] 2) It is + no use, no good (fun, a great pleasure, a waste of time, a bore...)等名词+doing sth. [b]It is no use crying.哭没有用。It is no good objecting.反对也没有用。 [b]It is a great fun playing football．打篮球很有趣。 [b]It is a waste of time trying to explain．设法解释是浪费时间。 [b] 3)It is + useless (nice, good，interesting, expensive等形容词)+ doing sth． [b] It is useless speaking.光说没用。 [b] It is nice seeing you again．真高兴又遇到了你。 [b] It is good Playing chess after supper．晚饭后弈棋挺好。 [b] It is expensive running this car．开这种小车是浪费。 [b] 4)There is no + doing.．.(there is no 表“不可能”) [b] There is no telling what he is going to do．说出他要干什么是不可能的。 [b] There is no saying what may happen.说出将要发生什么是不可能的。 [b] 5)There is no use (good/point/sense/harm)+doing sth.做某事没用(不好/意义/重要性) [b] There is no use crying over spilt milk．牛奶洒了，哭也无用。 [b] 6)have difficulty /trouble/problem + (in)+doing [b] have作有解时，后接情感名词(in可省略)，再接动名词。这类词还有trouble, fun, a hard time, a good time. [b] 例如：We had difficulty (in) carrying out the plan．我们执行计划有困难。 [b] 7)feel like + 名词 感觉像动名词 “ 想要” =would like to +原形动词 [b] I feel like a newborn baby．我感觉像一个新生的婴儿。 [b] Do you feel like going to a movie?你想看电影吗? [b] I don't feel like studying tonight．今晚我不想读书。 [b] 8) spend/waste time doing sth. [b]They spent a lot time (in) making preparations．他们花了许多时间作准备。 [b] 9)在require后只能用动名词，不能用不定式，尽管表示被动的意思也要用动名词的主动形式。 [b]This problem requires studying with great care．这个问题需要仔细研究。 [b] 10）cannot help doing sth.忍不住（做什么） [b] I cannot help laughing, once I see john in that big trouser. [b] (2)有关分词句型 [b] 1)在表示感觉和心里状态的动词see，hear，feel，smell，listen(to)，notice，observe，smell，watch这类表示感觉的动词之后常跟“宾语+现在分词”的复合结构，这种动词与分词之间的宾语可以是普通名词或专有名词(人各等)，也可以是代词宾格(him，us等)。例如： [b] She smelt something burning and saw smoke rising．她闻到有东西在燃烧并看到有烟升起来了。 [b] I watched them rehearsing the play．我看他们排演戏。 [b] I could feel the wind blowing on my face．我能感觉到风在我脸上吹过。 [b] 2)表示“致使”等意义的动词，如：catch，find，leave，give，have，get，set后也可跟上述(1)的结构，有时也可跟过去分词结构。例如： [b] I caught them stealing my apples．我抓住他们偷我的苹果。 [b] If she catches me reading her diary，she'll be furious.如果她抓住我偷看她的日记，她会愤怒的。 [b] We found him waiting to receive us．我们发现他正等着接待我们。 [b] 3)go +现在分词表示“从事…”之意，这时现在分词做主语补语。go之后所接现在分词均表示短暂而又愉快的户外活动。如：jogging慢跑，fishing钓鱼，dancing跳舞，skating溜冰，bowling打保龄球，shopping 购物，sightseeing游览，camping露营。 [b]I’ll go camping tomorrow．我明天去露营。 [b]I’ll go shopping．我去商店。 [b] Would you like to go skating with me?你想和我去溜冰吗? [b] 4)be busy + v-ing(现在分词)忙着做… [b] I am busy writing my thesis．我正忙着写论文。 [b] His assistant is busy(in) correcting papers．他的助教忙于批阅考卷。 [b] 或者be busy with + n.忙着做某事。 [b] He is busy with his work．他忙着工作。 [b] 5)What do you say to + ing分词?(……怎么样?) [b]What do you say to joining us for dinner?和我们一起进餐，你看怎么样? [b]（3）有关动词不定式句型 [b] 下面这些词组是不定式的习惯用法，只能用不定式形式。 [b]can not help but do, can not but do, cannot choose but do, can do nothing but do, have no choice/alternative to do [b]When I consider how talented he is as a painter, I cannot help but believe that the public will appreciate his gift. [b](4)there be的非谓语形式 [b] there be非谓语形式可在句中作主语、宾语、状语和定语。(其中作宾语和状语在1991年和1994年测试过，定语见1996年题10。) [b] The students expected there to be more reviewing classes before the final exams．(作宾语如1991年题30) [b] 1)作动词宾语时，通常用there to be结构，而不用there being。能这样用的及物动词为：expect，like，mean，intend，want，prefer，hate等，如： [b] We don't want there to be any comrades lagging behind，我们不希望有任何同志掉队。 [b] They hate there to be long queues everywhere.他们不愿意处处都要排长队。 [b] We have no objection to there being a meeting here．我们并不反对在这里开会。 [b] It isn't enough for there to be a frost tonight，so I can leave Jim's car out quite safely．(作状语) [b] 2)作状语多用there being结构，但若置于介词之后，for用there to be整个介词短语作程度状语，其它多半用there being。 [b] There being nobody else at hand, I had to do by myself．由于附近没有人，我只得独自干了。(原因状语) [b] It’s too early for there to be anybody up．太早了，还不会有人起床。(作程度状语) [b] There having been no rain for a long time，the ground was very dry．因为好长时间没下雨了，地面非常干燥。(原因状语) [b] 3)作主语时两种结构都可以，但如是用for引导则要用there to be。 [b]It is not uncommon for there to be problems of communication between old and young．老人与年青人之间存在着沟通问题是很常见的。 [b]There being a kindergarten on campus is a great convenience to female teachers．幼儿园在校园内对女教师十分方便。 [b] 4)作定语。 There be结构作定语时，定语从句中谓语为there be，there之前的关系代词常常省略。如： [b] This is the fastest train (that) there is to Nanking．这是到南京的最快一班车。 [b] I must make full use of the time there is left to me and do as much as I can for the people．我要充分利用我剩下的岁月尽量为人民多做些事。 [b]目标测试 [b]1.______in the matriculation for postgraduate in a short time is really a hard nut． [b]A．To make high scores B．Making high scores [b]C．To make low goal D．Making low goal [b]2.I found ________ to answer all the questions within the time given． [b]A．no possibility B．there was impossibility [b]C．impossible D．it impossible [b]3.The students expected there _____ more reviewing classes before the final exams． [b]A．is B．being C．have been D．to be [b]4.You’re going to England next year. You should now practise ______ English as much as possible. [b]A. speak B. to speak C. speaking D. Speak about [b]5.If we don’t start out now, we must risk ______ the train. [b]A. miss B missing C. being missed D to miss [b]6. The flexibility of film allows the artist _______ unstrained imagination to the animation of cartoon characters. [b]A．to bring B．brining C．is brought D．brings [b]7.Although the lecture had already been on for five minutes，I still was not able to find a chair____. [b]A. to sit B．for to sit on C．to sit on D．for sitting [b]8. Surely her daughter would make an even bigger effort ______ her? [b]A．please B．pleased C．to please D．having pleased [b]9.Lots of empty boots were found under the old man’s bed. He must have done nothing but ______. [b]A. drink B. to drink C. drinking D. drunk [b]10.The local health organization is reported ___ twenty-five years age when Dr. Adudon became its first president. [b]A. to be set up B. being set up [b]C. to have been set up D. having been set up [b]11.I heard him __the door [b]A. locking B. to lock C. lock D. being locking [b]12.He does nothing but___ [b]A. complaining B.to complaining C. complain D. to complain [b]13.The students expected there___ more reviewing classes before the final exam. [b]A. is B. being C have been D. to be [b]14. The bank is reported in the local newspaper ___ in broad daylight yesterday. [b]A. to be robbed B. robbed [b]C. to have been robbed D. having been robbed [b]15.I appreciated ______the opportunity to study abroad two years ago. [b]A. having been given B. having been [b]C. to have been given D. to have given [b]16.There is no point ___further. [b]A. argue B. to argue C. arguing D. being arguing [b]17.Nowhere in nature is aluminum found free, owing to its always ___with other elements, most commonly with oxygen. [b]A. combined B. having combined C. combine D. being combined [b]18.They stopped ___, but now I’m getting interested. [b]A.listening B.to listen C. listen D. having listening [b]19.I am sorry to hear that you resorted ___ [b]A. to cheat B. to cheating C. cheating D.cheat [b]20.He wasn’t asked to take on the chairmanship of the society, ___ insufficiently popular with all members. [b]A. being considered B. considering. [b]C. to be considered D. having considered [b]21.___of the burden of ice , the balloon climber up and drifted to the South. [b]A. To be free B. Freeing C. To free D. Freed [b]22.___exceptions, the rule may stand. [b]A. Allow for B. Allowing for C. To allow D. To allow for [b]23.All flights___ because of the snowstorm, we decided to take the train. [b]A. were canceled B. had been canceled [b]C. having canceled D. having been canceled [b]24.John painted her sitting in a chair with her hands ___ [b]A. folding B. to have folded C. to fold D. folded [b]25.It’s easy to blame the decline of conversation on the pace of modern life and on the vague changes ___place in our ever-changing world. [b]A. taking B. to take C. take D. taken [b]26.I worked so late in the office last night that I hardly had time __the last bus. [b]A. to have caught B. to catch C. catching D. having caught [b]27.I have got a loaf of bread ; now I’m looking for a knife____. [b]A. to cut it with B. to cut with it [b]C. with it to cut D. it to cut with [b]28.The function of Louis Sullivan’s architecture was ___large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior. [b]A. to provide B. providing C having providing D provide [b]29.His victory in the final was no more ____than I had expected. [b]A. convincing B. convinced C.to convince D.being convincing [b]30.I recommend you ___ what he says. [b]A.do B. doing C.to do D. to doing [b]31.How about ____ there? [b]A. to go B. go C. going D.to going [b]32.He is an ___teacher. [b]A. advancing B.advanced C being advancing D advance [b]33.The Portuguese give a great deal of credit to one man for having promoted sea travel, that man ___prince Henry the navigator, who lived in the 15th century. [b]A.was B. being C.is D. having been [b]34.I have no idea of ___it. [b]A. to do B. how to do C. what to do D. to doing [b]35.On seeing the young child ___into the lake, John sprang to his feet, and went to the rescue. [b]A. fell B. fall C. falling D to fall [b]36 We don’t want ____any comrades lagging behind. [b]A. there being B.there to being C.there to be D.there is [b]37.I must make full use of the time ___left to me and do as much as I can for the people. [b]A. there being B. there is C. there are D. there to be [b]38.It is not uncommon for ____problems of communication between old and young. [b]A. there to be B. there being C there to being D. there be [b]39.Revolution means ___ the productive forces. [b]A. to liberate. B. to have liberated [b]C. liberating D. having being liberated [b]40．The article opens and closes with descriptions of two news reports, each ____one major point in contrast with the other. [b]A. make B. made C. is to make D. making 标准答案： [b]1-5 ADDCD 6-10 ACCAC 11-15 CCDCA 16-20 CDBBA [b]21-25 DBDDA 26-30 BAAAC 31-35 CBBBB 36-40 CBACD