---GRE Subject Test---综述 [b][b]首先确定一个问题GRE Subject Test是美国教育考试服务处所举办的针对各个专项的考试, 考试是笔试的形式,每年在全球举行4次,但在中国大陆只有每年的11月在全国的各大考试中 心进行. 考试中心与[b]GRE General Test是不同的. 不是所有的想申请美国大学的人都需要考它,是否要考要视你所要申请的学校而定. 根据专业的不同,数学、物理、化学、计算机的专业最好是考一下，有好多大学都要求 提供GRE Subject成绩，或者是Strongly Recommended提供成绩。 再就是考试的难度，他的考试不在于考知识的深度，而是考知识的广度。 需要掌握的知识点较多，但是不需要你有很深刻的理解。 再就是考试内容，按照他的Bulletin给的考试大纲，基本上不会出那里面的范围。 但是单单是那些内容其实每一小项就包含了较多的知识点，所以准备起来比较麻烦。 所以推荐大家最好在学过自己的专业课以后再去考，否则自己要学习的东西很多。 本人是学 cs 的，就是在大三上学期考的，费了很大的劲才勉强通过。 还有就是最最重要的，他的历年考试真题，由于考的人数比较少，所以真题很少， 现在可以轻易找到的题目都不是真正的真题，别的我不敢说，CS的考试题每年的 和过去几年的考试题目重复率在50％－80％左右，甚至可能出现就是重复前几年的某一次 完完全全的题目。所以这个是非常重要的。 如果大家团结起来，把每年的真题回忆出来，那么sub就会变得很简单。 [b][b][b][b]---GRE Subject Test---考试报名与注册 [b][b]考试日期 [b][b]GRE Subject Test在全球每年共举行四次，在中国大陆只有在每年的11月进行，具体考试中 心可以在 Bulletin里找到。 [b][b]填表 [b][b]根据本人从清华BBS上看到的有关填表的问答，他们说报名表的本科学校一项 [b]（undergraduate college，好像是第11项）可以不填。后面第四页的白天电话 [b]（daytime phone）也可以不填，因为位数根本不够。只要把姓名、生日、通讯地址填明确就达到目的了。 [b][b]报名 [b]1. 要GRE Bulletin. 方式: 1) www.51test.com索取或者电话索取 [b] 2) www.gre.org 索取 [b]2. 填表. GRE Bulletin中央的SUB考试信封, 按照要求填好表格. [b]3. 办理美圆汇票. 按Bulletin要求, 在中国银行办理GRE Advanced 汇票. [b] 与GRE Advanced Test Registry Form 放一起寄ETS. [b]4. 大约在9月初能接到ETS签发的Admission Ticket,请详细核对,如果有错 误, 请讲更正stub寄回ETS. [b]还有一种报名方式,就是通过Online方式,不过需要Visa/Master/American Express [b]信用卡. 地址: www.gre.org [b] [b][b]GRE Subject考试，是要e-mail给ets或者到51test去索要Bulletin 2001-2002 要注意是2001-2002,然后填好registration form，再办150美元汇票，连同RF一起寄给 ETS 然后等准考证就好了，GRE Subject每年一次，在十一月 现在再ets的网站可以下载2001-2002的Bulletin了，大家可以下载一个看一下，51test今天开始升级了，估计升级好了，就可以索要了。 大家要尽快，要来回美国两次，很费时间的。 最好51test和ets都索要，那个先到用哪个。 [b]最后，很荣幸第一个在GRE Subject Broad发文. [b][b]索取报名表在ets,最好是发e-mail,那样会快一点,ets会在一周内与你联系的。 [b]索取报名表在51test,再先填写申请表或者打电话都可以。 还有就是寄美元汇票和报名表的时候信的邮寄形式有3种， 平信5－6元（不推荐，容易遗失而且慢） 国际挂号10－20元（安全，推荐） 国际特快专递180元（既安全又快速，推荐） 还有就是信用卡，国内的牡丹卡等visa card,master card,american express [b]的合作卡是不行的，一定要是用美元结算的真正的visa/master/american express card。 [b] [b]为此我给北京的考试中心发过e-mail，他们说sub考试不同于其它考试，一定要填好 Bulletin然后再寄走。 下载好像不行。 [b][b][b]开汇票和邮寄场景 [b][b]中国银行场景： [b]1。携带150刀和100圆人民币到中国银行。 [b]2。从咨询台上拿中国银行汇款申请书。该表格包括一张申请书和两张汇款回单。 在两张复写纸垫在三张表格中间。 [b]3。填写表格。在咨询台上应该有样表可以参考。在左上角的汇款方式中选择票汇。 [b]4。到指定窗口（不是所有窗口都办汇款业务）递交表格、150刀和55圆人民币手续费。 [b]如果你在中行有美元储蓄，需要先填写取款单并在相应窗口取款后，才能在汇款窗口办理汇款。 [b]5。银行职员收取你的这些材料了，给你一个有号的小牌。你可以等待，他们办完后会叫你。 [b]6。银行职员叫号，你到指定窗口领取你的汇票、找钱、收费凭证和汇款回单。 [b][b]邮局场景： [b]1。将汇票放入报名表的信封中。粘好封口，在信封正面注意标记期望的考试日期，在背面填写你的通讯地址。 [b]2。以国际挂信的形式寄出，大约花费12。9圆，据邮局职员说信件可在10-15天内到达另外，保存好挂号信的邮件收据。 [b][b]需要说明的是中国银行的汇款业务在下午3：30以后停止，而且办一笔业务耗时约30分钟，所以大家注意时间掌握。 [b][b][b]注意事项 [b][b]索取的Bulletin一定要是当年的考试年度的，ETS的考试年度是每年的10月初到次年的九月末。所以比如说你要参加2002年的考试就要索要2002－2003考试年度的Bulletin,而不是2001－2002年度的，因为他是无效的。 [b][b][b]---GRE Subject Test---考试的范围（中文版) [b][b]在中国大陆只有11月一次GRE SUB考试。11月的专项考试没有economics, engineering, geology。需要自己直接向ETS寄报名表和考试费来申请。 [b][b]注：从ETS考试中心获悉Economics, Engineering, Geology, and Music Subject [b]Tests will be discontinued after April 2001. [b][b]ETS在我国提供14个学科领域的GRE专业考试，包括有数学、物理学、生物学、 化学、生 [b]物化学、细胞与分子生物学、计算机科学、工程学、经济学、地质学、历史学、英国文 [b]学、音乐、心理学。 [b][b](1) 数学类(M67──Mathematics) 约66题。试题主要是针对希望攻读数学专业研究生的考生，侧重于数学专业的知识和技巧。除了基本的微积分运算外，还包括线性代数、数学分析等， 要求考生能够举一反三。大约有1/4的试题涉及到复变分析、拓扑学、数论等方面的知识。 [b][b](2) 物理类(P77──Physics) [b][b]约100题，其内容主要涉及大学的物理课程。其中经典力学约占20%，电磁基础约占18%，原子物理约占10%，物理光学及波动现象约占9% ，流体力学及统计力学约占10%，量子力学约占12%， 狭义相对论约占6%，实验方法约占6%;其余9%主要涉及近代物理学的内容，包括有拉格朗日和哈密尔顿力学、原子和质子物理、低温物理及空间物理。 [b][b](3) 化学类(C27──Chemistry) 约150题，涉及大学化学课程的主要内容。其中，分析化学约占15%，无机化学约占25%，有机化学约占30%，物理化学约占30%。 [b][b](4) 计算机科学类(C29──Computer Science) 约80题，涉及大学电子工程专业和计算机专业的课程内容。其中，软件系统及方法约占35%，计算机与结构约占20%，计算机理论约占20%，计算数学约占20%;其他如数学横型与模拟约占5%。 [b][b](5) 生物学类(B24──Biology) 约205题，总共分成三个部分: a)细胞与分子生物学; [b]b)有机生物学; c)人体生物学，包括生态学与进化论。 [b][b](6) 工程类(E37──Engineering) 约有140题，涉及大学基础及专业基础课程，内容包括机械学、传热学、电子及电子线路、热力学、材料特性等。在个别试题中也可能涉及化学、工程评价、光学、声学、计算方法、工程经济、流体力学、液压原理等。约有50 题涉及到数学的应用，其中有一类试题是从研究数学模型到通过工程应用以完成操作;另一类试题是从研究直观数学概念，求出最佳方法，再应用到工程实践中去。 [b][b](7)经济类(E31──Economics) 共有130题。其中，微观经济和宏观经济分析试题约占60%，包括公共财政、金融、数量经济与国际贸易;7%的试题为统计基本知识;其余33% 的试题包括经济学的其他领域。 [b][b](8) 教育学(E34──Education) 约有200题，要分成以下五个部分: a)教育目标; b)学校管理及监督; c)课程安排; d)教学与学习; e)教育评估及研究。 [b][b](9) 生物化学、细胞与分子生物学(B22---Biochemistvy， Cell and Molecular Biology) 参加这门学科考试的学生来自以下专业，即生物化学、细胞生物学、 分子生物学以及其有关学科，例如微生物学、遗传学。该学科约180题，其试题内容涉及到三个领域，其中生物化学(36%)，细胞生物学(28%)，分子生物学与遗传学(36%)。 [b][b](10) 地质学(G47──Geology) 约195题，共分成三个部分: a)地层学、沉积学、古生物学、地貌学和海洋学; b)地质结构与地球物理学、大地构造学、重力学、磁力学、地震及地震学、热电特性; c)矿物学、岩石学、地球化学、同位素地质及经济资源等。 [b][b](11) 英国文学类(L64──Literature in English) 约230题，其内容集中在重大事件、社会活动、著名作家等方面。 主要侧重于大学课程的知识，例如辨认作家、作品，概述并讨论历史事件，复述某篇名作的章节;还有一类试题侧重于学生阅读诗歌、戏剧、小说、散文的能力。 后一类试题往往要求考生使用规定的结构、形式、文学技巧和风格进行作文。 [b][b](12) 文学类（L64-Literature in English）:约230题，其内容集中在重大事件，社会活动，著名作家等方面。主要侧重于大学课程的知识，例如辨认作家，作品，概述并讨论历史事件，复述某篇名作的章节；还有一类试题侧重于学生阅读诗歌，戏剧，小说，散文的能力。后一类试题往往要求考生使用规定的结构，形式，文学技巧和风格进行作文。 [b][b](13) 音乐类(M72──REVISED Music) 约200题，共包括三个方面内容: a)音乐理论，其中有基本规则、和声、时位、节奏、形式、配器及管弦乐; b)音乐史(中世纪变态乐); [b]c)音乐史(20世纪古典音乐)。 试题侧重于人们熟悉的基本概念与原理，作品的分析和讲解，包括风格、构成和历史时期。 [b][b](14) 心理学类(P81──Psychology) 这类试题约220题，共分为三个部分: [b][b]a)记忆、思维、知觉、人文学、比较心理学、生理学等，约占43%; b)个性、临诊、变态心理、心理发展和社会心理学等，约占43%; [b][b]c)历史心理学与应用心理学、心理测量、心理统计，约占14%。 [b][b][b][b]---GRE Subject Test---考试的范围（ 英文详细版) [b][b][b]Section 1 GRE Subject Test for Computer Science [b][b]I. SOFTWARE SYSTEMS AND METHODOLOGY [b](35%) [b]A. Data organization [b]1. Data types [b]2. Data structures and implementation [b]techniques [b]3. File organization (e.g., sequential, indexed, [b]multilevel) [b][b]B. Program control [b]1. Iteration and recursion [b]2. Functions, procedures, and exception [b]handlers [b]3. Communication and synchronization [b][b]C. Programming languages and notation [b]1. Constructs for data organization and program [b]control [b]2. Scope, binding, and parameter passing [b]3. Expression evaluation [b][b]D. Systems [b]1. Compilers and interpreters [b]2. Operating systems, including resource [b]management and protection/security [b]3. Networking and distributed systems [b]4. System development tools [b]5. System performance [b][b]II. COMPUTER ORGANIZATION AND [b]ARCHITECTURE (20%) [b]A. Logic design [b]1. Implementation of combinational and [b]sequential circuits [b]2. Functional properties of digital integrated [b]circuits [b][b]B. Processors and control units [b]1. Instruction sets [b]2. Register and ALU organization [b]3. Number representation [b]4. Control sequencing [b]5. Data paths [b][b]C. Memories and their hierarchies [b]1. Speed, capacity, cost, allocation [b]2. Cache, main, secondary storage [b]3. Virtual memory, paging, segmentation [b][b]D. Communication [b]1. Bus, switch, and network structures and [b]protocols [b]2. I/O [b]3. Synchronization [b]Individuals who currently [b]serve or have recently served [b]on the Committee of [b][b]E. High-performance architectures [b]1. Pipelining super-scalar and out-of-order [b]execution processors [b]2. Parallel computing [b]3. Distributed computing [b][b]III. THEORY (25%) [b]A. Automata and language theory [b]1. Models of computation (finite automata, [b]pushdown automata, Turing machines) [b]2. Formal languages (regular languages, [b]context-free languages) [b]3. Decidability [b][b]B. Design and analysis of algorithms and [b]computational complexity [b]1. Exact or asymptotic analysis of the best, [b]worst, or average case for the time and space [b]complexity of specific algorithms [b]2. Algorithmic design techniques (greedy, [b]dynamic programming, divide and conquer) [b]3. Upper and lower bounds on the complexity [b]of specific problems [b]4. NP-completeness [b][b]C. Correctness of programs [b]1. Formal specifications and assertions [b]2.Verification techniques [b][b]IV. MATHEMATICAL BACKGROUND (15%) [b]A. Discrete structures [b]1. Mathematical logic [b]2. Elementary combinatorics, including graph [b]theory and counting arguments [b]3. Elementary discrete mathematics, including [b]number theory, discrete probability, [b]recurrence relations [b][b]B. Numerical mathematics [b]1. Computer arithmetic, including number [b]representations, roundoff, overflow and [b]underflow [b]2. Classical numerical algorithms [b]3. Linear algebra [b][b]V. ADVANCED TOPICS (5%) [b]Topics including modeling and simulation, [b]information retrieval, artificial intelligence, [b]computer graphics, data communications, [b]databases, VLSI, logic programming. [b]------------------------------------------------------------------------- [b]------- [b]------------------------------------------------------------------------- [b]------- [b]--------------------------------------- [b]Section 2 GRE Subject Test for Biochemistry [b][b]BIOCHEMISTRY 36% [b][b]A. Chemical and Physical Foundations [b]Thermodynamics and kinetics [b]Redox states [b]Water, pH, acid-base reactions, [b]and buffers [b]Solutions and equilibria [b]Solute-solvent interactions [b]Chemical interactions and bonding [b]Chemical reaction mechanisms [b][b]B. Biomolecules: Structure, Assembly,Organization, and Dynamics [b]Small molecules [b]Macromolecules (for example,nucleic acids, polysaccharides,proteins, [b]and [b]complex lipids) [b]Supramolecular complexes(for example, membranes,ribosomes, and [b]multienzyme [b]complexes) [b][b]C. Catalysis and Binding [b]Enzyme reaction mechanisms and kinetics [b]Ligand-protein interaction(for example, hormone receptors, [b]substrates and effectors, transport proteins, and antigen-antibody [b]interactions) [b][b]D. Major Metabolic Pathways [b]Carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur [b]assimilation [b]Anabolism [b]Catabolism [b]Synthesis and degradation of [b]macromolecules [b][b]E. Bioenergetics (including respiration and photosynthesis) [b]Energy transformations at the substrate level [b]Electron transport [b]Proton and chemical gradients [b]Energy coupling (phosphorylation and transport) [b][b]F. Regulation and Integration of Metabolism [b]Covalent modification of enzymes [b]Allosteric regulation [b]Compartmentation [b]Hormones [b][b]G. Methodology [b]Spectroscopy [b]Isotopes [b]Separation techniques (for example, centrifugation,chromatography, and [b]electrophoresis) [b]Immunotechniques [b][b]II. CELL BIOLOGY 28% [b]A. Cellular Compartments of Prokaryotes [b]and Eukaryotes: Organization, [b]Dynamics, and Functions [b]Cellular membrane systems [b](structure and transport) [b]Nucleus (envelope and matrix) [b]Mitochondria and chloroplasts(including biogenesis and evolution) [b][b]B. Cell Surface and Communication [b]Extracellular matrix (including cell walls) [b]Cell adhesion and junctions [b]Signal transduction [b]Receptor function [b]Excitable membrane systems [b][b]C. Cytoskeleton, Motility, and Shape [b]Actin-based systems (including muscle contraction) [b]Microtubule-based systems [b]Intermediate filaments [b]Prokaryotic systems [b][b]D. Protein Synthesis and Processing [b]Regulation of translation [b]Posttranslational modification [b]Intracellular trafficking [b]Secretion and endocytosis [b][b]E. Cell Division, Differentiation, and [b]Development [b]Bacterial division [b]Meiosis and gametogenesis [b]Eukaryotic cell cycles, mitosis,and cytokinesis [b]Fertilization and early embryonic [b]development (including positional information,homeotic genes, tissue- [b]specific [b]expression, nuclear and cytoplasmic interactions, growth factors and [b]induction, [b]environment, and polarity) [b][b]III. MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 36% [b]AND GENETICS [b]A. Genetic Foundations [b]Mendelian and non-Mendelian [b]inheritance [b]Transformation, transduction, and conjugation [b]Recombination and [b]complementation [b]Mutational analysis [b]Genetic mapping and linkage analysis [b][b]B. Chromatin and Chromosomes [b]Karyotypes [b]Translocations, inversions, [b]deletions, and duplications [b]Aneuploidy and polyploidy [b]Structure [b][b]C. Genomics [b]Genome structure [b]Physical mapping [b]Repeated DNA and gene families [b]Gene identification [b]Transposable elements [b]D. Genome Maintenance [b]DNA replication [b]DNA damage and repair [b]DNA modification [b]DNA recombination and gene conversion [b][b]E. Gene Expression [b]The genetic code [b]Transcription [b]RNA processing [b]Translation [b][b]F. Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes [b]Positive and negative control of the operon [b]Promoter recognition by [b]RNA polymerases [b]Attenuation and antitermination [b][b]G. Gene Regulation in Eukaryotes [b]Cis-acting regulatory elements [b]Trans-acting regulatory factors [b]Gene rearrangements and amplifications [b][b]H. Bacteriophages and Animal and Plant Viruses [b]Genome replication and regulation [b]Virus assembly [b]Virus-host interactions [b][b]I. Methodology [b]Restriction maps [b]Nucleic acid blotting [b]and hybridization [b]DNA cloning in prokaryotes and eukaryotes [b]Sequencing and analysis [b]Protein-nucleic acid interaction [b]------------------------------------------------------------------------- [b]------- [b]------------------------------------------------------------------------- [b]------- [b]--------------------------------------- [b]Section 3 GRE Subject Test for Biology [b][b]I. Cellular and Molecular Biology 33-34% [b]Fundamentals of cellular biology, genetics, and [b]molecular biology are addressed. Major topics in [b]cellular structure and function include metabolic [b]pathways and their regulation, membrane dynamics, [b]cell surfaces, organelles, cytoskeleton, and cell cycle. [b]Major areas in genetics and molecular biology include [b]chromatin and chromosomal structure, genomic [b]organization and maintenance, and the regulation of [b]gene expression. The cellular basis of immunity, the [b]mechanisms of antigen-antibody interactions, and [b]cell-pathogen interactions are included. Distinctions [b]between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells are considered [b]where appropriate. Attention is also given to [b]experimental methodology. [b]A. Cellular Structure and Function 16-17% [b]1. Biological compounds [b]Macromolecular structure and bonding [b]Abiotic origin of biological molecules [b]2. Enzyme activity, receptor binding, and regulation [b]3. Major metabolic pathways and regulation [b]Respiration, fermentation, and photosynthesis [b]Synthesis and degradation of macromolecules [b]Hormonal control and intracellular messengers [b]4. Membrane dynamics and cell surfaces [b]Transport, endocytosis, and exocytosis [b]Electrical potentials and neurotransmitters [b]Mechanisms of cell recognition, cell junctions, [b]and plasmodesmata [b]Cell wall and extracellular matrix [b]5. Organelles: structure, function, and targeting [b]6. Cytoskeleton, motility, and shape [b]Actin-based systems [b]Microtubule-based systems [b]Intermediate filaments [b]Bacterial flagella and movement [b]7. Cell cycle, growth, division, and regulation [b]B. Genetics and Molecular Biology 16-17% [b]1. Genetic foundations [b]Mendelian inheritance; Pedigree analysis [b]Prokaryotic genetics (transformation, [b]transduction, and conjugation) [b]Genetic mapping [b]2. Chromatin and chromosomes [b]Nucleosomes [b]Karyotypes [b]Chromosomal aberrations [b]Polytene chromosomes [b]3. Genome sequence organization [b]Introns and exons; Single-copy and [b]repetitive DNA [b]Transposable elements [b]4. Genome maintenance [b]DNA replication; DNA mutation and repair [b]5. Gene expression and regulation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes: [b]mechanisms [b]The operon; Promoters and enhancers; [b]Transcription factors; RNA and protein [b]synthesis; Processing and modifications of both RNA and protein [b]6. Gene expression and regulation: effects [b]Control of normal development; Cancer and oncogenes [b]Signaling mechanisms in cells [b]7. Immunobiology [b]Cellular basis of immunity; Antibody [b]diversity and synthesis [b]Antigen-antibody interactions [b]8. Bacteriophages, animal viruses, and plant viruses [b]Viral genomes, replication, and assembly [b]Virus-host cell interactions [b]9. Recombinant DNA methodology [b]Restriction endonucleases; Blotting and hybridization [b]Restriction fragment length polymorphisms; [b]DNA cloning, sequencing, and analysis; [b]Polymerase chain reaction [b]II. Organismal Biology 33-34% [b]The structure, physiology, behavior, and development [b]of plants and animals are addressed. Topics [b]covered include nutrient procurement and processing, [b]gas exchange, internal transport, regulation of fluids, [b]control mechanisms and effectors, and reproduction in [b]autotrophic and heterotrophic organisms. Examples of [b]developmental phemonena range from fertilization [b]through differentiation and morphogenesis. Perceptions [b]and responses to environmental stimuli are [b]examined as they pertain to both plants and animals. [b]Major distinguishing characteristics and phylogenetic [b]relationships of selected groups from the various [b]kingdoms are also covered. [b]A. Animal Structure, Function, and [b]Organization 9-10% [b]1. Exchange with environment [b]Nutrient, salt, and water exchange [b]Gas exchange; Energy [b]2. Internal transport and exchange [b]Circulatory, gastrovascular, and digestive systems [b]3. Support and movement [b]Support systems (external, internal,and hydrostatic) [b]Movement systems (flagellar, ciliary,and muscular) [b]4. Integration and control mechanisms [b]Nervous and endocrine systems [b]5. Behavior (communication, orientation,learning, and instinct) [b]6. Metabolic rates (temperature, body size, and activity) [b]B. Animal Reproduction and Development 5-6% [b]1. Reproductive structures [b]2. Meiosis, gametogenesis, and fertilization [b]3. Early development (e.g., polarity, cleavage,and gastrulation) [b]4. Developmental processes (e.g., induction,determination, [b]differentiation, [b]morphogenesis,and metamorphosis) [b]5. External control mechanisms (e.g., photoperiod) [b]C. Plant Structure, Function, and Organization,with Emphasis on [b]Flowering [b]Plants 6-7% [b]1. Tissues, tissue systems, and organs [b]2. Water transport, including absorption and [b]transpiration [b]3. Phloem transport and storage [b]4. Mineral nutrition [b]5. Plant energetics (e.g., respiration and [b]photosynthesis) [b]D. Plant Reproduction, Growth, and Development, [b]with Emphasis on Flowering Plants 4-5% [b]1. Reproductive structures [b]2. Meiosis and sporogenesis [b]3. Gametogenesis and fertilization [b]4. Embryogeny and seed development [b]5. Meristems, growth, morphogenesis, and [b]differentiation [b]6. Control mechanisms (e.g., hormones, photoperiod,and tropisms) [b]E. Diversity of Life 6-7% [b]1. Archaebacteria [b]Morphology, physiology, and identification [b]2. Eubacteria (including cyanobacteria) [b]Morphology, physiology, pathology, and identification [b]3. Protista [b]Protozoa, other heterotrophic Protista [b](slime molds and Oomycota), and autotrophic Protista [b]Major distinguishing characteristics [b]Phylogenetic relationships [b]Importance (e.g., eutrophication, disease) [b]4. Fungi [b]Distinctive features of major phyla [b](vegetative, asexual, and sexual reproduction) [b]Generalized life cycles [b]Importance (e.g., decomposition, biodegradation, antibiotics, and [b]pathogenicity) [b]Lichens [b]5. Animalia with emphasis on major phyla [b]Major distinguishing characteristics [b]Phylogenetic relationships [b]6. Plantae with emphasis on major phyla [b]Alternation of generations [b]Major distinguishing characteristics [b]Phylogenetic relationships [b]III. Ecology and Evolution 33-34% [b]This section deals with the interactions of organisms [b]and their environment, emphasizing biological [b]principles at levels above the individual. Ecological [b]and evolutionary topics are given equal weight. [b]Ecological questions range from physiological adaptations [b]to the functioning of ecosystems. Although [b]principles are emphasized, some questions may [b]consider applications to current environmental [b]problems. Questions in evolution range from its [b]genetic foundations through evolutionary processes [b]to their consequences. Evolution is considered at the [b]molecular, individual, population, and higher levels. [b]Principles of ecology, genetics, and evolution are [b]interrelated in many questions. Some questions may [b]require quantitative skills, including the interpretation [b]of simple mathematical models. [b]A. Ecology 16-17% [b]1. Environment/organism interaction [b]Biogeographic patterns; Adaptations to environment; Temporal patterns [b]2. Behavioral ecology [b]Habitat selection; Mating systems; [b]Social systems; Resource acquisition [b]3. Population structure and function [b]Population dynamics/regulation; [b]Demography and life history strategies [b]4. Communities [b]Interspecific relationships; [b]Community structure and diversity; [b]Change and succession [b]5. Ecosystems [b]Productivity and energy flow; Chemical cycling [b]B. Evolution 16-17% [b]1. Genetic variability [b]Origins (mutations, linkage, recombination, and chromosomal alterations) [b]Levels (e.g., polymorphism and heritability) [b]Spatial patterns (e.g., clines and ecotypes) [b]Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium [b]2. Evolutionary processes [b]Gene flow and genetic drift; Natural [b]selection; Levels of selection (e.g., individual and group) [b]3. Evolutionary consequences [b]Fitness and adaptation; Speciation; [b]Systematics and phylogeny; Convergence,divergence, and extinction [b]4. History of life [b]Origin of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells [b]Fossil record [b]Paleontology and paleoecology [b]------------------------------------------------------------------------- [b]------- [b]------------------------------------------------------------------------- [b]------- [b]--------------------------------------- [b]Section 4 GRE Subject Test for Chemistry [b][b]I. ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY — 15% [b]A. Data Acquisition and Use of Statistics — [b]Errors, statistical considerations [b]B. Solutions and Standardization — [b]Concentration terms, primary standards [b]C. Homogeneous Equilibria — Acid-base,oxidation-reduction, [b]complexometry [b]D. Heterogeneous Equilibria — Gravimetric [b]analysis, solubility, precipitation titrations, [b]chemical separations [b]E. Instrumental Methods — Electrochemical [b]methods, spectroscopic methods, [b]chromatographic methods, thermal [b]methods, calibration of instruments [b]F. Environmental Applications [b]G. Radiochemical Methods — Detectors, [b]applications [b]II. INORGANIC CHEMISTRY — 25% [b]A. General Chemistry — Periodic trends, [b]oxidation states, nuclear chemistry [b]B. Ionic Substances — Lattice geometries, [b]lattice energies, ionic radii and radius/ [b]ratio effects [b]C. Covalent Molecular Substances — Lewis [b]diagrams, molecular point groups, [b]VSEPR concept, valence bond description [b]and hybridization, molecular orbital [b]description, bond energies, covalent and [b]van der Waals radii of the elements, [b]intermolecular forces [b]D. Metals and Semiconductors — Structure, [b]band theory, physical and chemical [b]consequences of band theory [b]E. Concepts of Acids and Bases — Brønsted- [b]Lowry approaches, Lewis theory, solvent [b]system approaches [b]F. Chemistry of the Main Group Elements — [b]Electronic structures, occurrences and [b]recovery, physical and chemical properties [b]of the elements and their compounds [b]G. Chemistry of the Transition Elements — [b]Electronic structures, occurrences and [b]recovery, physical and chemical properties [b]of the elements and their compounds, coordination [b]chemistry [b]H. Special Topics — Organometallic chemistry, [b]catalysis, bioinorganic chemistry, applied [b]solid-state chemistry, environmental [b]chemistry [b]III. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY — 30% [b]A. Structure, Bonding, and Nomenclature — [b]Lewis structures, orbital hybridization, [b]configuration and stereochemical notation, [b]conformational analysis, systematic IUPAC [b]nomenclature, spectroscopy (IR and 1H and [b]13 C NMR) [b]B. Functional Groups — Preparation, reactions, [b]and interconversions of alkanes, alkenes, [b]alkynes, dienes, alkyl halides, alcohols, [b]ethers, epoxides, sulfides, thiols, aromatic [b]compounds, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic [b]acids and their derivatives, amines [b]C. Reaction Mechanisms — Nucleophilic [b]displacements and addition, nucleophilic [b]aromatic substitution, electrophilic [b]additions, electrophilic aromatic [b]substitutions, eliminations, Diels-Alder [b]and other cycloadditions [b]D. Reactive Intermediates — Chemistry and [b]nature of carbocations, carbanions, [b]free radicals, carbenes, benzynes, enols [b]E. Organometallics — Preparation and reactions [b]of Grignard and organolithium reagents, [b]lithium organocuprates, and other modern [b]main group and transition metal reagents [b]and catalysts [b]F. Special Topics — Resonance, molecular [b]orbital theory, catalysis, acid-base theory, [b]carbon acidity, aromaticity, antiaromaticity, [b]macromolecules, lipids, amino acids, peptides, [b]carbohydrates, nucleic acids, terpenes, [b]asymmetric synthesis, orbital symmetry, [b]polymers [b]IV. PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY — 30% [b]A. Thermodynamics — First, second, and [b]third laws, thermochemistry, ideal and [b]real gases and solutions, Gibbs and Helmholtz [b]energy, chemical potential, chemical [b]equilibria, phase equilibria, colligative [b]properties, statistical thermodynamics [b]B. Quantum Chemistry and Applications [b]to Spectroscopy — Classical experiments, [b]principles of quantum mechanics, [b]atomic and molecular structure, molecular [b]spectroscopy [b]C. Dynamics — Experimental and theoretical [b]chemical kinetics, solution and liquid [b]dynamics, photochemistry [b]------------------------------------------------------------------------- [b]------- [b]------------------------------------------------------------------------- [b]------- [b]--------------------------------------- [b]Section 5 GRE Subject Test for MATHEMATICS [b][b]Calculus — 50% [b]Material learned in the usual sequence of elementary [b]calculus courses — differential and integral calculus [b]of one and of several variables — including calculusbased [b]applications and connections with coordinate [b]geometry, trigonometry, differential equations, and [b]other branches of mathematics [b]Algebra — 25% [b]Elementary algebra: basic algebraic techniques and [b]manipulations acquired in high school and used [b]throughout mathematics [b]Linear algebra: matrix algebra, systems of linear [b]equations, vector spaces, linear transformations, characteristic [b]polynomials, eigenvalues and eigenvectors [b]Abstract algebra and number theory: elementary [b]topics from group theory, the theory of rings and [b]modules, field theory, and number theory [b]Additional Topics — 25% [b]Introductory real analysis: sequences and series of [b]numbers and functions, continuity, differentiability [b]and integrability, elementary topology of R and Rn [b]Discrete mathematics: logic, set theory, combinatorics, [b]graph theory, and algorithms [b]Other topics: general topology, geometry, complex [b]variables, probability and statistics, and numerical analysis [b]------------------------------------------------------------------------- [b]------- [b]------------------------------------------------------------------------- [b]------- [b]--------------------------------------- [b]Section 6 GRE Subject Test for LITERATURE IN ENGLISH [b]Literature in English Test [b]
test-taking strategies [b]I. Literary Analysis 40-55% [b]Questions that call on an ability to interpret given [b]passages of prose and poetry. Such questions may [b]involve recognition of conventions and genres, [b]allusions and references, meaning and tone, [b]grammatical structures and rhetorical strategies, [b]and literary techniques. [b]II. Identification 15-20% [b]Recognition of date, author, or work by style and/ [b]or content (for literary theory identifications see [b]IV below). [b]III. Cultural and Historical Contexts 20-25% [b]Questions on literary, cultural, and intellectual [b]history, as well as identification of author or work [b]through a critical statement or biographical [b]information. Also identification of details of [b]character, plot, or setting of a work. [b]IV. History and Theory of Literary Criticism 10-15% [b]Identification and analysis of the characteristics [b]and methods of various critical and theoretical [b]approaches. [b]The literary-historical scope of the test follows the [b]distribution below. [b]1. Continental, Classical, and Comparative [b]Literature through 1925 5-10% [b]2. British Literature to 1660 [b](including Milton) 25-30% [b]3. British Literature 1660-1925 30-35% [b]4. American Literature through 1925 15-25% [b]5. American, British, and World [b]Literatures after 1925 20-25% [b]------------------------------------------------------------------------- [b]------- [b]------------------------------------------------------------------------- [b]------- [b]--------------------------------------- [b]Section 6 GRE Subject Test for PSYCHOLOGY [b]1. Experimental or natural science oriented (about [b]40 percent of the questions), including learning, [b]language, memory, thinking, sensation and [b]perception, physiological psychology, ethology, [b]and comparative psychology. They contribute to [b]the experimental psychology subscore and the [b]total score. [b]2. Social or social science oriented (about 43 [b]percent of the questions). These questions are [b]distributed among the fields of clinical and [b]abnormal, developmental, personality, and [b]social psychology. They contribute to the social [b]psychology subscore and the total score. [b]3. General (about 17 percent of the questions), [b]including the history of psychology, applied [b]psychology, measurement, research designs, [b]and statistics. They contribute to the total [b]score only. [b]------------------------------------------------------------------------- [b]------- [b]------------------------------------------------------------------------- [b]------- [b]--------------------------------------- [b]Section 7 GRE Subject Test for PSYCHOLOGY [b]1. CLASSICAL MECHANICS (20%) [b] (such as kinematics, Newton’s laws, work and [b]energy, oscillatory motion, rotational [b]motion about a fixed axis, dynamics of [b]systems of particles, central forces and [b]celestial mechanics, three-dimensional [b]particle dynamics, Lagrangian and [b]Hamiltonian formalism, non-inertial [b]reference frames, elementary topics in [b]fluid dynamics) [b]2. ELECTROMAGNETISM (18%) [b] (such as electrostatics, currents and DC circuits, [b]magnetic fields in free space, Lorentz force, [b]induction, Maxwell’s equations and their [b]applications, electromagnetic waves, AC [b]circuits, magnetic and electric fields in [b]matter) [b]3. OPTICS AND WAVE PHENOMENA (9%) [b](such as wave properties, superposition, [b]interference, diffraction, geometrical optics, [b]polarization, Doppler effect) [b]4. THERMODYNAMICS AND STATISTICAL [b]MECHANICS (10%) [b] (such as the laws of thermodynamics, thermodynamic processes, [b]equations of state, ideal gases, [b]kinetic theory, ensembles, statistical [b]concepts and calculation of thermodynamic [b]quantities, thermal expansion and heat [b]transfer) [b]5. QUANTUM MECHANICS (12%) [b](such as fundamental concepts, solutions of the [b]Schrödinger equation (including square [b]wells, harmonic oscillators, and hydrogenic [b]atoms), spin, angular momentum, wave [b]function symmetry, elementary perturbation [b]theory) [b]serve or have recently served [b]on the Committee of [b]Examiners include: [b]6. ATOMIC PHYSICS (10%) [b](such as properties of electrons, Bohr model, energy [b]quantization, atomic structure, atomic [b]spectra, selection rules, black-body [b]radiation, x-rays, atoms in electric and [b]magnetic fields) [b]7. SPECIAL RELATIVITY (6%) [b](such as introductory concepts, time dilation, length [b]contraction, simultaneity, energy and [b]momentum, four-vectors and Lorentz [b]transformation, velocity addition) [b]8. LABORATORY METHODS (6%) [b](such as data and error analysis, electronics, [b]instrumentation, radiation detection, [b]counting statistics, interaction of charged [b]particles with matter, lasers and optical [b]interferometers, dimensional analysis, [b]fundamental applications of probability [b]and statistics) [b]9. SPECIALIZED TOPICS (9%) Nuclear and Particle physics [b] (such as nuclear properties,radioactive decay, fission and fusion, [b]reactions, fundamental properties of [b]elementary particles), Condensed Matter [b](such as crystal structure, x-ray diffraction, [b]thermal properties, electron theory of [b]metals, semiconductors, superconductors), [b]Miscellaneous (such as astrophysics, [b]mathematical methods, computer [b]applications) [b]---------------------------------------- [b][b][b]---GRE Subject Test---考试过程 [b][b]Section 1 考试过程叙述 [b][b]考试要求携带你的两个有效证件包括一个有照片的ID Card或护照。 [b]考试前一天应该去踩一下点，因为考试中心的位置都很恶（我在上海考的，在华师大的文史 楼）。而且，一般考试前应该给考试中心打一个电话（我是说当地的考试中心），问清地点，然后提前一天去，看一下自己的考场位置。像在华师大是在文史楼底楼贴的考场分配。 [b]考试时间是3个小时，一般从8点多开始，靠到将近12点。而且考试的时候他是把教室里的表不管快慢调到9点，所以大家要注意，看表的时候剩余时间应该以他的表为准，而不是自己的表，以免发生错误。 [b]考试的中间允许去洗手间，但是时间不会增加。考试要自带铅笔、橡皮等文具。 不允许携带任何纸质用品。 [b]考试没有草稿纸（不对，好像是发了一小张），但是可以在试题册上写。 [b]考试全部是客观性试题。 [b]还有就是sub考试的成绩送达学校是在报名的时候就报上去的，所以不需要你在考试的时候填写太多的内容，但是诸如签名、生日、地址什么的还是要添的，请大家自己到考场上去看，很简单的。 [b]考试很累，连续三个小时的运转会令你感到很疲惫。但是你要做好心理准备。我记得考试的时候是不允许带任何食品和饮料进去的（有点忘了）。 [b]考好以后交卷子，回家。 [b]------------------------------------------------------------------------- [b]--------------------------------------- [b]Section 2 转自太傻网的文章 [b] [b]人神合一 2001-11-11 22:35:50 [b]笑敖浆糊曲 [b][b]还是现说说考试： [b][b]题目难易的程度是要看个人对专业的熟悉程度，所以不要盲目听信别人说怎么怎么难或者怎么怎么容易，此难兵法大忌。还是要提高自己的实力，有实力做基础，SUB真是小菜一叠。专业方面的实力要依靠自己努力来提高，复习方法我就不多说什么了，至于参考书 前人已经有很多总结了，过几天我会把一些关于买书的可靠消息发个帖子综合一下。下面我主要谈谈非实力因素： [b][b]1.体力问题： [b]早饭一定要吃饱！！！真的，考试从8点多开始签到，知道9点才开始！一直要靠到12点，而且中间没有任何休息，这是T,G都不曾有的，我是很早起床，肯了几口馒头就出发还骑了40分钟自行车，所以9点开始考试我就有点饿了。体力分配很重要，SUB考试好比长跑，除非你很牛，否则坚持3个小时的高速运转确实有点累，这次考试开始我状态正好，所以做的很生猛，可是到了100题就有点做不动了，这时候很容易开小差～。所以平时一定要多训练训练自己长时间做题的能力，提高自己的体力和耐力。 [b][b]2.时间问题： [b]做过模考的同学对于题型应该已经比较了解，我估计ETS今后变化也不大。基本上是180个题，前120题是一般选择题，120－145是名词解释选择题，145－180是实验设计题选择题（题型名称是我自己瞎编的，估计ETS大致是这个思路）。其中名词解释比较简单些，基本是告诉一些概念和特性让你选名词，熟练的话需要的时间也比较短。而最后35题则是11～12个试验题，相对难度大一些，阅读量也高，还有大量的图表，有点像GRE数学里的图表题，考你的观察能力，分析能力和解决能力。这种题目费时费力，不好对付，特别是到考到这个份上体力毅力都有些跟不上了，做这种题就更困难一些。所以也许你可以考虑 [b]先拿下后面的题。 [b]我想谈谈时间分配，我认为做题一定要匀速进行，某个题目不懂或是知识点没见过就放过，不要担心这时候你要告诉自己错一题没关系，千万不要在一个题目上浪费太多时间，因为你不知道的东西想破了头也没用，但是考场上却很容易这样，也许只是对自己没有自信的一种表现。保持稳定的高速度，越做越有信心。争取前120题用100min拿下，另外给自己留60min的时间做试验题，生下时间就做名词解释和检查（如果你真的牛到还多处很多时间）。 [b][b]3.做题技巧问题： [b]建议直接图到答题纸上，不要先在卷子上写，然后再抄上去，因为可能时间不够，到时候一慌张就抄错了，毕竟有180个选项。另外尽量不要空格，遇到不会的题就猜一个，然后做个记号，不然你很容易答错顺序。考试途中我就见到边上那位大面积的涂改答案2次，估计是写错顺序了。这么做其实对提高信心也很有帮助，如果你前面空了一大堆，后面又没时间来不及做了。我前面那位就是这里那里空了很多（嘿嘿害的我都没机会小抄一把），而且做的巨慢无比，最后至少有40个题来不及，看得我毫无信心（当然是对她）。 另一个平时要练习的是长时间阅读专业内容的文章，因为没有这方面训练，我相信考试时你会很不适应3个小时满眼的E文。 [b][b]4.考试时间选择问题： [b]国内只有11月一次SUB，我感觉最好是大三或者大四的同学先考SUB再考GT，因为刚学过考过生化分子细胞遗传等，印象深刻。如果你先弄GT并荒废了专业到时候再弄SUB有点事倍功半的感觉。在上这些课的同学不妨一边看中文教材一边看外文教材，我相信提高满大的（那位愿意试验一下？呵呵）。 [b][b]生逢11月10日 [b]每逢考试我必能很早起床，迷迷糊糊看到时钟指到了7点，咬咬牙翻身下床乱肯了几口馒头就匆匆上路了。考点在杭州商学院，离家里有点远，以为是8点开考的， [b][b]前一天去查看考场，没能找到有效信息（觉得自己有点没用），于是安慰自己考试时会贴出大幅标语指明，没想到考试当天果然有提示指明，不过是一张16开的贴在门口的说明纸，上明写“GRE考试笔直向前”，我顺着它的指示，没走几步就被高楼挡住去路，我 faint ，幸好我冷静，决定一个一个教学大楼找过来，不过过了8点还没找到考场，难道要出师未杰身先死？心里暗暗摩念GOD SAVE ME!俗话说得道多助也，就在我晕头转向时，救星伶俐果出现了～，后事不用我多说，终于在一个偏僻的地方找到了大部队， 今天杭州考场大约100人左右（真是少的可怜）。 [b][b]看看门口贴的表格，只有不到10人的BIOCHEM，考心理的更是只有1（这哥们结果还是没来～此乃后话），倒是隔壁考场一屋子的CS，真是羡慕大帮派啊。进入考场很慢，都是一个一个验明真身才放，效率很低，监考弱智无比（毕竟上了年纪），而且是按照学科先后进场，BIOCHEM放在最后…… [b][b]考试坐位是分开的，而且专业也大致分开，感觉没有分部规律，所以想作弊估计没戏。我旁边是几个数学和物理的。考试途中我还纳 闷，考物理数学居然不需要草稿纸？（太监不发，而且也不让用！）算了，我是门外汉还是别多想做题吧。考试的时候心里总在想要记住点题目回来给大家，结果拼命纪，到后来都记不动了，就忘光了。呜呜呜呜。不过不知道明年ETS是否还会公布SUB真题，而且我也觉得一点SUB题对于考试帮助不大，了解 SUB考试而已。 [b][b]题目还是生化和分子的比较多，所以POB有时间一定要看，遗传题好像也不少，也许是我这方面看得少，所以影响深，不过不超出中文教材，不难。细胞的东西感觉不明显，很多都融合在一起考的。 [b][b]3个小时过得很快，出来时已是正午时分，心想奏一曲笑敖浆糊曲，是放松的时候了…… [b]