A [b]abhor vt.憎恶, 痛恨 to regard with extreme [b]repugnance : LOATHE [b]accelerate v.加速, 促进 to cause to move faster [b]accessible adj.易接近的, 可到达的, 易受影响的 [b] 1. capable of being reached 2 easy to speak [b]or deal with [b]accurate adj.正确的, 精确的 conforming exactly to truth [b]or to a standard [b]accuracy n.精确性, 正确度 [b]adjacent adj.邻近的, 接近的 not distant : NEARBY [b]advantageous adj.有利的 giving an advantage : FAVORABLE [b]advocate n.提倡者, 鼓吹者 vt.提倡, 鼓吹 : to plead in [b]favor of [b]aforementioned adj.上述的, 前述的 : mentioned previously [b]alert, alertly adj.提防的, 警惕的 watchful and prompt to meet [b]danger or emergency [b]amass vt.收集, 积聚(尤指财富) [b] 1 : to collect for oneself : ACCUMULATE; [b] 2 to collect into a mass : GATHER [b]ambrosia n. 特别美味的食物 something extremely pleasing [b]to taste or smell [b]anomaly n.不规则, 异常的人或物 [b]anxiety n.忧虑, 焦急; 渴望, 热望 [b] 1 an abnormal and overwhelming sense of [b]apprehension and fear [b] 2 fearful concern or interest [b] 3 a cause of anxiety [b]appall vt.使胆寒, 使惊骇 to overcome with [b]consternation, shock, or dismay [b]appalling adj.令人震惊的, 骇人听闻的 inspiring horror, [b]dismay, or disgust [b]appear vi.出现, 看来, 似乎 [b] 1. to be or come in sight; to show up [b] 2. to have an outward aspect : SEEM [b]appropriate adj.适当的 especially suitable or compatible : [b]FITTING [b]apt adj. 有...倾向的unusually fitted or [b]qualified :READY; having a tendency [b] 灵敏的, 灵巧的keenly intelligent and [b]responsive [b] 适当的 suited to a purpose; [b]especially : being to the point [b]arouse vt.唤醒, 唤起to awaken from sleep [b] 鼓励, 引起to rouse or stimulate to action or [b]to physiological readiness for activity [b] vi.睡醒 to awake from sleep : STIR [b]as of late [b]astute adj.机敏的, 狡猾的 having or showing shrewdness [b]and perspicacity:CRAFTY, WILY [b]attribute n.属性, 品质, 特征 an inherent characteristic [b] v. 加于, 归结于 to explain by indicating a [b]cause [b]authoritative adj.权威的, 有权威的, 命令的 having or [b]proceeding from authority : OFFICIAL [b][b][b]B [b]back and forth adv. 来来回回 : backward and forward [b]barely adv.仅仅, 刚刚in a meager manner : PLAINLY [b] 几乎不能 SCARCELY, HARDLY [b]barter n / v.物品交换, 交换 to trade or exchange by [b]or as if by bartering [b]behold vt.把...视为 to perceive through sight or [b]apprehension : SEE [b] vi.看 used in the imperative especially to [b]call attention [b]beneficial adj.有益的, 受益的, [法律]有使用权的 [b]conferring benefits [b]bind v.绑, 约束 to confine, restrain, or restrict [b]as if with bonds [b] 镶边, 装订 to wrap around with something so [b]as to enclose or cover [b]bizarre adj.奇异的(指态度,容貌,款式等) [b]strikingly out of the ordinary : odd, extravagant, or eccentric in [b]style or mode [b]blunder v.跌跌撞撞地走to move unsteadily or confusedly [b] 犯大错, 做错 to make a mistake through [b]stupidity, ignorance, or carelessness [b] n.大错a gross error or mistake resulting [b]usually from stupidity, ignorance, or carelessness [b]border n.边界, 国界, 边, 边沿, 边境 an outer part or edge [b] vt.与...接壤, 接近 to touch at the edge or [b]boundary : BOUND; v.接壤 to lie on the border [b]breach n.违背, 破坏 infraction or violation of a law, [b]obligation, tie, or standard [b] 破裂, 裂口 a broken, ruptured, or torn [b]condition or area b : a gap (as in a wall) made by battering [b] vt.打破, 突破 1. BREAK, VIOLATE 2 to make a breach in [b]bump (swell) n. 肿块 a swelling of tissue [b]v.碰(伤), 撞(破) 1 : to strike or knock with force or violence 2 : [b]to collide with [b]bush n.矮树丛 a : SHRUB; especially : a low densely [b]branched shrub [b]by degrees adv. 逐渐地 [b]by right, by rights adv. 正当的 [b][b]C [b]candid adj.无偏见的, 公正的, free from bias, prejudice, [b]or malice : FAIR [b] 坦白的, 率直的 marked by honest sincere [b]expression [b]care n.注意, 照料, 烦恼, 忧虑 painstaking or watchful [b]attention [b] vi.关心, 顾虑 1. to feel trouble or anxiety [b] 喜爱 2. to have a liking, fondness, or [b]taste [b] vt.在意 to be concerned about or to the extent of [b]carve v.雕刻 to cut with care or precision 切开 to [b]make or get by or as if by cutting [b]celebrate v.庆祝, 祝贺to honor (as a holiday) by solemn [b]ceremonies [b] 表扬, 赞美 to hold up or play up for public notice [b] 举行to perform (a sacrament or solemn [b]ceremony) publicly and with appropriate rites [b]chart n.海图 a map for the use of navigators [b] 图表 a sheet giving information in tabular form [b] vt.制图 to make a map or chart of [b]circulate v.(使)流通 to pass from person to person or [b]place to place [b](使)循环, (使)传播 to move in a circle, circuit, or orbit; [b]especially : to follow a course that returns to the starting point [b] [b]classify vt.分类 to assign (as a document) to a [b]category; 分等 to arrange in classes [b]colleague n.同事, 同僚 an associate in a profession or in [b]a civil or ecclesiastical office [b]collusion n.共谋,勾结secret agreement or cooperation [b]especially for an illegal or deceitful purpose [b]command v.命令, 指挥to direct authoritatively :ORDER;支配 [b]to exercise a dominating influence over [b] 俯临 to overlook or dominate from or as if from [b]a strategic position [b]commonplace n.平凡的事 something commonly found [b] 平常话 an obvious or trite comment [b] adj.平凡的 commonly found : ORDINARY, [b]UNREMARKABLE [b]compromise n./ v.妥协, 折衷to adjust or settle by mutual [b]concessions [b] 危及...的安全 to cause the impairment of [b]conceal vt.隐藏, 隐蔽 to place out of sight 隐瞒 to [b]prevent disclosure or recognition of [b]confidential adj.秘密的, 机密的 PRIVATE, SECRET [b]conform vt.使一致to give the same shape, outline, or [b]contour to : bring into harmony or accord [b] 使遵守, 使顺从 to be obedient or compliant ? [b]usually used with to [b]congregate v.聚集 to come together into a group, crowd, [b]or assembly [b]conserve vt.保存, 保藏 to keep in a safe or sound state [b]considerably adv.相当地 1. worth consideration : [b]SIGNIFICANT 2. large in extent or degree [b]conspicuous adj.显著的 attracting attention : STRIKING [b]contemporary adj./n. 当代的, 同时代的(人) [b]happening, existing, living, or coming into being during the same [b]period of time [b]contrast vt.使与...对比, 使与...对照 [b] to set off in contrast : compare or appraise in respect to [b]differences [b]convenient adj.便利的, 方便的 suited to personal comfort or [b]to easy performance [b]counter n.计算器, 计数器柜台, 筹码 [b] adv./prep.相反地 in an opposite or wrong [b]direction [b]craggy adj.多峭壁的,崎岖的1.full of crags:craggy [b]slopes 2 ROUGH, RUGGED :a craggy face [b]critic n.批评家, 评论家 one who expresses a reasoned [b]opinion on any matter [b] 吹毛求疵者 one given to harsh or captious [b]judgment [b]crush vt.压碎, 碾碎to squeeze or force by pressure so [b]as to alter or destroy structure curious [b][b]D [b]damage n. 损害, 伤害 loss or harm resulting from [b]injury to person, property, or reputation [b] v. 招致损害 to cause damage to [b]decay vi./ n.腐朽, 腐烂, 衰减, 衰退 to decrease [b]gradually in quantity, activity, or force [b]defeat n./v. 击败 DESTROY; 战胜to win victory over : [b]BEATdeficit [b]den n.兽穴, 洞穴 the lair of a wild usually [b]predatory animaldesolate [b]detachable adj.可分开的, 可分离的, 可分遣的 able to [b]separate [b]deter v.阻止 1.to turn aside, discourage, or prevent [b]from acting 2. INHIBIT [b]dim adj.暗淡的, 模糊的 lacking pronounced, clear- [b]cut, or vigorous quality or character [b]discerning adj.有辨识能力的 showing insight and [b]understanding : DISCRIMINATING [b]discord n.不一致, 意见不合lack of agreement or [b]harmony v.不和 DISAGREE, CLASH [b]disseminate v.散布 1. to spread abroad as though sowing seed; [b]2 to disperse throughout [b]distinct adj.清楚的, 明显的 presenting a clear [b]unmistakable impression [b] 截然不同的, 独特的 distinguishable to the eye or mind as discrete : [b]SEPARATE [b]draft n.草案, 草图 vt.起草, 为...打样, to draw the [b]preliminary sketch, version, or plan of [b]due to adv. 由于, 应归于 [b]duplicate adj.复制的,两倍的consisting of or existing in two [b]corresponding or identical parts or examples [b] adj. 完全相同的 being the same as another： [b]*duplicate copies [b] n.复制品, 副本 an additional copy of something [b] vt.复写, 复制 to make a copy of 使加倍, 使成双 to [b]make double or twofold [b][b]E [b]earmark v. 加上记号 to mark in a distinguishing manner [b]elaborate adj.精心制作的, 详细阐述的, 精细的 planned or [b]carried out with great care [b] vt.精心制作 to produce by labor ；详细阐述 to [b]expand something in detail [b]eligible adj.符合条件的, 合格的 qualified to participate [b]or be chosen : ENTITLED [b]emancipate vt.释放, 解放 to free from restraint, control, [b]or the power of another [b]embrace vt.拥抱, 互相拥抱 to clasp in the arms : HUG; [b] 包含 to take in or include as a part, item, or element of a [b]more inclusive whole [b]emit vt.发出, 放射to throw or give off or out (as [b]light); 发表, 发行 to issue with authority [b]encourage vt.鼓励 to inspire with courage, spirit, or hope : [b]HEARTEN 怂恿 to spur on [b]enhance vt.提高 RAISE; 增强 HEIGHTEN, INCREASE [b]entangle vt.使缠上, to wrap or twist together : INTERWEAVE [b] 纠缠, 卷入 to involve in a perplexing or [b]troublesome situation [b]entitle vt. 授权, 授权 to furnish with proper grounds [b]for seeking or claiming something [b] 给...题名, 给...称号 to give a title to : [b]DESIGNATE [b]epoch n.新纪元 an event or a time marked by an event; 时 [b]代, 时期 an extended period of time [b]erode, erosion vt.侵蚀, 腐蚀 to diminish or destroy by degrees [b]essential adj.本质的,基本的 of, relating to, or constituting [b]essence [b] 提炼的, 精华的 of the utmost importance : BASIC [b] n.本质, 实质something basic; 要素,要点something [b]necessary, indispensable [b]evacuate v.撤出 to remove especially from a military zone;排 [b]泄to discharge from the body as waste [b]exceed vt.超越 to go beyond a limit set by 胜过 to be [b]greater than or superior to [b]excerpt n.vt.摘录, 引用 to select (a passage) for [b]quoting : EXTRACT [b]exhilarating adj.令人喜欢的,使人愉快的 being able to make [b]cheerful [b]expanse n.宽阔, 膨胀扩张 great extent of something spread [b]out 天空 FIRMAMENT [b]extend v.扩充 to spread or stretch forth : UNBEND ； 延 [b]伸, 伸展 to increase the bulk of [b]extravagant adj.奢侈的, 浪费的放纵的lacking in moderation, [b]balance, and restraint [b] 过分的 exceeding the limits of reason or necessity [b][b]F [b]face n.脸the front part of the human head 面容, 表情 [b]facial expression [b] vt.面对, 面向 to confront impudently [b]fame n.名声, 名望 public estimation : REPUTATION [b]fancy adj.奇特的, 异样的 dependent or based on fancy : [b]WHIMSICAL [b] vt.想象, 设想to form a conception of: IMAGINE；n.爱 [b]好, 迷恋 amorous fondness : LOVE [b]faucet n.龙头a fixture for drawing or regulating the flow [b]of liquid especially from a pipe [b]feature n.特征,特色 a prominent part or characteristic ；容 [b]貌, physical beauty [b]fellow n.人, 家伙 MAN, BOY； 伙伴 an incorporated member of [b]fictitious adj.假想的, 编造的, 虚伪的 of, relating to, or [b]characteristic of fiction : IMAGINARY [b]final analysis n. 最终分析 [b]fizz n./ vi.嘶嘶响to make a hissing or sputtering [b]sound; 兴奋 to show excitement or exhilaration flaw [b] n.缺点,瑕疵 a defect in physical structure or form; vt. 使有 [b]缺陷to make flaws in [b]flicker v.摇曳, 闪烁to move irregularly or unsteadily : [b]FLUTTER n. 闪烁 an act of flickering [b]forbidden adj.禁止的, 严禁的 not permitted or allowed [b]foster vt.养育, 抚育to give parental care to : NURTURE [b]fragrance n.芬芳, 香气, 香味 a sweet or delicate odor [b]frightening adj.令人恐惧的, 引起突然惊恐的 causing to be afraid of [b]fuel n.燃料 a material used to produce heat or power by burning [b]fund n.资金, 基金 a sum of money or other resources; v. [b]支助, 投资 to provide funds for [b][b][b]G [b]gain vt.得到, 赚到 to acquire or get possession of 增加 [b]to make an increase of [b]gemstones n.经雕琢的宝石 a petrified material that when cut [b]and polished can be used in jewelry [b]glisten v.闪光 to give off a sparkling or lustrous [b]reflection of or as if of a moist or polished surface [b]goods n.货物 something that has economic utility or [b]satisfies an economic want [b]graphic adj.绘画似的, 图解的 of, relating to, or [b]represented by a graph [b]grave n.坟墓an excavation for burial of a body [b]v.雕刻 to carve or shape with a chisel : SCULPTURE [b]adj.严重的significantly serious : CONSIDERABLE, GREAT [b]grumpy adj.脾气坏的, 性情乖戾的 moodily cross : SURLY [b][b]H [b]hardly adv.刚刚, 仅 Barely; just 几乎不 certainly not [b]hatch vt.孵, 孵出 to produce young by incubation; 舱口, 舱口 [b]盖 a small door or opening [b]hearty adj.衷心的, 亲切的 enthusiastically or exuberantly [b]cordial [b] 精神饱满的, 丰盛的, 强烈的 VIGOROUS, VEHEMENT [b]hostile adj.敌对的, 敌方的 of or relating to an enemy [b]huge adj.巨大的, 极大的, 无限的 very large or extensive [b]hybrid n.杂种,混血儿an offspring of two animals or plants [b]of different races, breeds, species, or genera [b]adj.混合的, 杂种的 [b][b]I [b]ignore vt.不理睬, 忽视 1. to refuse to take notice of to [b]reject (a bill of indictment) as ungrounded [b]imitate vt.模仿,仿效1.to produce a copy of: REPRODUCE; 2 to [b]follow as a pattern, model, or example [b]imperceptible adj.感觉不到的not perceptible by a sense or by the [b]mind : extremely slight, gradual, or subtle [b]increase vi.增加 to become progressively greater , 繁殖 to [b]multiply by the production of young [b]indefinite adj.模糊的, 不确定的 not definite not precise : [b]VAGUE [b]indicative adj.(～ of) 指示的, 预示的, 可表示的 serving to [b]indicate [b]induce vt.劝诱, 促使 to move by persuasion or influence 导 [b]致, 引起EFFECT, CAUSE [b]ingenious adj.机灵的 showing or calling for intelligence, [b]aptitude, or discernment [b]有独创性的marked by originality, resourcefulness, and cleverness in [b]conception or execution [b]inhibit v. 抑制 to hold in check : RESTRAIN; 约束: to [b]prohibit from doing something [b]insatiable adj.不知足的, 贪求无厌的 incapable of being [b]satisfied : QUENCHLESS [b]inspiring adj.灌输的, 鼓舞的 having an animating or [b]exalting effect [b]insult n.侮辱, 凌辱 a gross indignity [b]vt.侮辱, 凌辱 to treat with insolence, indignity, or contempt : [b]AFFRONT; [b]intense adj.强烈的existing in an extreme degree 热情的 [b]exhibiting strong feeling of purpose [b]intricate adj.复杂的, 错综的having many complexly [b]interrelating parts or elements : COMPLICATED 难以理解的 difficult [b]to resolve or analyze [b]inundate v.淹没 to cover with a flood : OVERFLOW [b]invent vt.发明, 创造 to produce (as something useful) for [b]the first time [b][b]L [b]landmark n.地界标 an object (as a stone or tree) that marks [b]the boundary of land [b]里程碑, 划时代的事 an event or development that marks a turning point [b]or a stage [b]lateral adj.横(向)的, 侧面的 of or relating to the side [b]legendary adj.传说中的 of, relating to, or characteristic of [b]legend or a legend [b]liberate v.解放, 释放 to set at liberty : FREE; [b]limited adj.有限的, 狭窄的 confined within limits: [b]RESTRICTED [b]缺乏创见的 : lacking breadth and originality literally [b]locale n.现场a place or locality especially when viewed in [b]relation to a particular event or characteristic [b]ludicrous adj.可笑的, 滑稽的 meriting derisive laughter or [b]scorn as absurdly inept, false, or foolish [b]lyrical adj.抒情诗调的, 充满感情的 : LYRIC [b][b]M [b]magnificence n.华丽, 富丽堂皇 the quality or state of being [b]magnificent [b]mandatory adj. 命令的, 强制的 Required or commanded by [b]authority; obligatory [b]mar v.弄坏, 毁坏 to inflict serious bodily harm on : [b]DESTROY [b]mature adj.成熟的, 到期的 having completed natural growth [b]and development : RIPE [b]merchandise n.商品, 货物 the commodities or goods that are bought [b]and sold in business : WARES [b]minuscule adj.小字写的written in or in the size or style of [b]minuscules, 极小的 very small [b]misleading adj.易误解的, 令人误解的 leading in a wrong [b]direction or into a mistaken action [b]moderately adv.适度地 avoiding extremes of behavior or [b]expression: CALM, TEMPERATE [b]motionless adj.不动的, 静止的 without any motion [b]muscular adj.肌肉的 of, relating to, or constituting muscle; 强 [b]健的 having well-developed musculature [b]mutation n.变化, 转变 a significant and basic alteration : [b]CHANGE [b][b]N [b]naked adj.裸体的, 无遮盖的 not covered by clothing : NUDE [b]无装饰的, 无保护的 not provided with a shade [b]nominal adj.名义上的, 有名无实的 of, relating to, or [b]constituting a name [b]nourishment n.食物, 营养品 a : FOOD, NUTRIMENT b : SUSTENANCE [b]now and then adv. 偶然 from time to time : OCCASIONALLY [b][b]O [b]oath n.誓言, 宣誓, 诅咒 a solemn attestation of the truth [b]or inviolability of one's words [b]obstacle n.障碍, 妨害物 something that impedes progress or [b]achievement [b]ominous adj.预兆的, 恶兆的 being or exhibiting an omen : [b]PORTENTOUS; [b]on the spot adv.当场, 在危险中, 处于负责地位 [b]operation n.运转, 操作, 实施, 作用, 业务, 工作, 手术 [b]option n.选项, 选择权 the power or right to choose : [b]freedom of choice [b]outlawe n.歹徒a lawless person or a fugitive from the law [b]逃犯 a person excluded from the benefit or protection of the [b]law [b] v. 宣布...为不合法to deprive of the benefit and [b]protection of law : declare to be an outlaw [b]overlap v.(与...)交迭 to extend over or past and cover a [b]part of [b]overwhelm vt.淹没, 覆没 to cover over completely : SUBMERGE 颠 [b]覆，推翻UPSET, OVERTHROW [b][b]P [b]panacea n.万能药 a remedy for all ills or difficulties : [b]CURE-ALL [b]particle n.粒子,极小量, 微粒 a minute quantity or fragment [b]passing n.经过, 消逝(死) the act of one that passes or [b]causes to pass; especially : DEATH [b]adj.经过的 going by or past 及格的 given on satisfactory completion [b]of an examination [b]path n.小路, 小径a trodden way 路线, 轨道a track [b]specially constructed for a particular use [b]penetrate vt.穿透, 渗透 to pass into or through; 洞察to [b]discover the inner contents or meaning of [b]perennial adj.终年的, 长期的, 永久的 PERSISTENT, ENDURING [b]perjury n.伪誓, 伪证 the voluntary violation of an oath or [b]vow: false swearing [b]perplexing adj.复杂的, 令人困惑的 causing to make intricate or [b]involved [b]phenomenon n.现象 an observable fact or event [b]plot n.小块土地 a small area of planted ground [b] (小说的)情节 the plan or main story of a literary work [b] vi.密谋, 策划 to plan or contrive especially [b]secretly [b]point out v.指出 [b]poll n民意测验 a questioning or canvassing of persons [b]selected at random [b]v.投票 to question or canvass in a poll [b]posthumously adj.死的的，遗腹的 born after the death of the [b]father [b]praise vt.赞扬, 歌颂 to express a favorable judgment of : [b]COMMEND [b]precision n.精密度, 精度 the quality or state of being [b]precise : EXACTNESS [b]predominantly adv. 支配地 PREDOMINANTLY [b]prevail vi.流行, 盛行 to be or continue in use or fashion : [b]PERSIST [b]获胜, 成功 to gain ascendancy through strength or superiority : [b]TRIUMPH [b]primitive adj.原始的, 远古的of or relating to the earliest [b]age or period : PRIMEVAL [b] 粗糙的, 简单的 [b]private adj.私人的, 私有的 belonging to or concerning an [b]individual person, company, or interest [b]profitable adj.有利可图的 affording profits : yielding [b]advantageous returns or results [b]promotion n.促进; 提升, 晋升 the act of furthering the [b]growth or development of something [b]propagate v.繁殖 to cause to continue or increase by sexual [b]or asexual reproduction [b]传播, 宣传 to cause to spread out and affect a greater number or [b]greater area : EXTEND [b]prospect n.景色 something extended to the view : SCENE 前 [b]景 an extensive view [b] vi.寻找, 勘探 to explore an area especially for [b]mineral deposits [b]pulp n.(水果的)果肉 the soft, succulent part of a fruit [b]puzzling adj.使迷惑的 difficult to understand or solve [b][b]R [b]range n.山脉 a series of mountains 行列a series of things [b]in a line : ROW [b] 范围, 射程 the space or extent included, covered, [b]or used : SCOPE [b] vt.排列 to set in a row or in the proper order; 归 [b]类 to assign to a category : CLASSIFY [b]reach n. 范围 : a continuous stretch or expanse; vt.到 [b]达, 达到 to stretch out : EXTEND [b]rebel n.造反者 one who rebels or participates in a [b]rebellion [b] adj.造反的, 叛逆的 DISOBEDIENT, REBELLIOUS [b] v.造反, 反叛 to oppose or disobey one in authority [b]or control [b]recipient n.容纳者, 容器 one that receives : RECEIVER [b]recycle v. 重复利用 to adapt to a new use : ALTER n.再循 [b]环 the process of recycling [b]refrain n.重复, 叠句 a regularly recurring phrase or verse [b]vi.节制, 避免 CURB, RESTRAIN [b]regrettably adv.抱歉地, 遗憾地 1. to a regrettable extent; 2 : [b]it is to be regretted [b]relate vt.叙述, 讲 to give an account of : TELL [b] 使联系, 发生关系 to show or establish logical or [b]causal connection between [b]reluctantly adv.不情愿地 feeling or showing aversion, [b]hesitation, or unwillingness [b]remote adj.遥远的, 偏僻的 far removed in space or time [b]repair n.修理, 修补 to restore by replacing a part or [b]putting together what is torn or broken [b]research n.研究 careful or diligent search vi.研究, 调查 [b]to search or investigate exhaustively [b]resort vi.求助, 诉诸 to have recourse ； 常去to go [b]especially frequently or habitually [b] 度假胜地a place providing recreation and entertainment [b]常去之地 frequent, habitual, or general visiting [b]restore vt.恢复, 使回复to bring back to or put back into [b]a former or original state [b]归还, 交还 to put again in possession [b]revere v.尊敬, 敬畏, 崇敬 to show devoted deferential [b]honor to [b]rewarding adj.报答的, 有益的, 值得的 yielding or likely to [b]yield a reward : VALUABLE [b]rudimentary adj.根本的consisting in first principles: [b]FUNDAMENTAL未发展的 of a primitive kind [b]run-down adj.破败的，衰败的 being in poor repair :