Issue 25 [b]"To be an effective leader, a public official must maintain the highest [b]ethical and moral standards." [b][b]这个题目也是GRE WRTING的题目中经常出现的一个部分：LEADERSHIP。Knowledge and [b]understanding，Skills and ability communication，Teamwork，Visioning [b](insight)，Risk taking，Value in others: recognition and encouragement，是 [b]leadership的几个最主要的方面。 [b]这个题目可以从两个方面来考虑，第一个是：这个题目的主语a public official有个定 [b]语：an effective leader.但是，一个public official是不是必须要是一个leader呢？ [b]第二个角度可以从leader的基本quality来分析，是不是题目提出的两个方面是最重要的方 [b]面。 [b]我暂时就想到这两个方面来conquer这个题目，其他方面大家可以继续展开讨论一下。欢迎跟 [b]贴 [b][b]现在来看看这个文章是从哪个方面来分析的。 [b]Whether successful leadership requires that a leader follow high ethical [b]and moral standards is a complex issue--one that is fraught with the [b]problems of defining ethics, morality, and successful leadership in the [b]first place. 作者首先来怀疑了题目中的ethic,moral的定义，是从我刚才讲过的第一个方 [b]面来着手的。In addressing the issue it is helpful to consider in turn three [b]distinct forms of leadership: business, political, and social-spiritual. 要 [b]分成三个方面来讲这个leadership在不同领域内的不同定义和作用，这个是个比较好的凑字 [b]数的方式，可以借鉴:p [b][b]这个段落没有开门见山的非常明确的提出自己的观点，但是作者有提自己关于题目的 [b]ethic,moral方面的质疑要来个对题目的更详细的阐述和分析。中规中矩，但是句式和用词还 [b]可以，跳出了4分的高度。 [b][b]In the business realm, successful leadership is generally defined as that [b]which achieves the goal of profit maximization for a firm's shareholders or [b]other owners. 从商业方面来define 这个leader。Moreover, the prevailing [b]view in Western corporate culture is that by maximizing profits a business [b]leader fulfills his or her highest moral or ethical obligation. 引入了在商务 [b]活动中 moral ,ethic 的含义。Many disagree, however, that these two [b]obligations are the same. Some detractors claim, for example, that business [b]leaders have a duty to do no intentional harm to their customers or to the [b]society in which they operate--for example, by providing safe products and [b]by implementing pollution control measures. Other detractors go further--to [b]impose on business leaders an affirmative obligation to protect consumers, [b]preserve the natural environment, promote education, and otherwise take [b]steps to help alleviate society's problems. 都是不同意见的陈述 Whether our [b]most successful business leaders are the ones who embrace these additional [b]obligations depends, of course, on one's own definition of business [b]success. In my observation, as business leaders become subject to closer [b]scrutiny by the media and by social [b]activists, business leaders will maximize profits in the long term only by [b]taking reasonable steps to minimize the social and environmental harm their [b]businesses cause. This observation also accords with my personal view of a [b]business leader's ethical and moral obligation. [b]看到了这里我开始怀疑我对public official 的认识了，自己的理解是：官员，但是感觉作 [b]者在这里写的是公众人物public figure的意思。。。讨论讨论？ [b]个人认为，这个文章有跑题的嫌疑。 [b][b]In the political realm the issue is no less complex. 开始了政治角度的阐述分 [b]析。Definitions of successful political leadership and of ethical or moral [b]leadership are tied up in the means a leader uses to wield [b]his or her power and to obtain that power in the first place. One useful [b]approach is to draw a distinction between personal morality and public [b]morality. In my observation personal morality is unrelated to effective [b]political leadership.在这里出来了自己的观点，认为道德和political leadership无 [b]关。 Modern politics is replete with examples of what [b]most people would consider personal ethic al failings: the marital [b]indiscretions of President Kennedy, for instance. Yet few would disagree [b]that these personal moral choices adversely affected his ability to lead. [b][b]In contrast, public morality and successful leadership are more closely [b]connected.开始写道德和作为一个公众人物的联系和必要性了。后面是举例。 Consider [b]the many leaders, such as Stalin and Hitler, whom most people would agree [b]were egregious violators of public morality. Ultimately such leaders [b]forfeit their leadership as a result of the immoral means by which they [b]obtained or wielded their power. Or consider less egregious examples such [b]as President Nixon, whose contempt for the very legal system that afforded [b]him his leadership led to his forfeiture of it.反面教材。 It seems that in [b]the short term unethical public behavior might serve a political leader's [b]interest in preserving his or her power; yet in the long term such behavior [b]invariably results in that leader's down- fall that is, in failure. One [b]must also consider a third type of leadership: social-spiritual. Consider [b]notable figures such as Gandhi and Martin Luther King, whom few would [b]disagree were eminently successful in leading others to practice the high [b]ethical and moral standards which they advocated. [b]However, I would be hard-pressed to name one successful social or spiritual [b]leader whose leadership was predicated on the advocacy of patently [b]unethical or immoral behavior. The reason for this is simple: high [b]standards for one's own public morality are prerequisites for successful [b]social-spiritual leadership—终于找到了，这个作者对public official的理解. [b][b]In sum, history informs us that effective political and social-spiritual [b]leadership requires adherence to high standards of public morality. [b]However, when it comes to business leadership the relationship is less [b]clear; successful business leaders must strike a balance between achieving [b]profit maximization and fulfilling their broader obligation to the society, [b]which comes with the burden of such leadership. [b][b]这个文章，看的我头晕。。昨天就没看下去所以今天才贴了出来:p [b]个人感觉：这个文章有跑题的倾向，虽然不太远，因为对题目的理解不确切，我认为作者把 [b]握的扩展的方向刚好是相反的。如果先写对political leader的部分然后再扩展到商业然后 [b]进行合并和对比会更好些。现在这个作文，我个人的看法就是：结构松散，对我这个READER [b]来说，unattractive. [b]虽然语言和措辞都不错，但是由于结构上的问题，分数不可能很高了 [b]