托福考点分析与思路
寄托天下 2004-07-05 05:00 浏览1771次
[b]选择填空部分[/b] [b]语法部分前15题是选择句子残缺成分填空,组成完整句子的形式。这一部分侧重的是句子成分的划分和句子结构的分析,要求考生能从整个句子的角度来把握,分离出主干成分和修饰成分并判断相应的符合语态和时态的选项。因此,可以说,第一部分考的是应试者对语法的掌握程度,包括主谓宾,定状补各个部分在句子中的分布和顺序。当然,其中不可避免的涉及了英语的一些固定搭配和表达,但这些仍然体现了考生对句子结构的把握和理解。 [b]在这里我们归纳和总结了语法部分的一些经典的考点,并回归本源,放回真题中加以分析,以期使广大考生能在作真题的同时,从全局掌握应试的要求,同时真实提高自己的语法能力 [b][b][b]句子结构[/b] [b]句子基本结构指的是构成一个句子的基本组成部分,一般来说,主语和谓语是唯一且必不可少的句子基本成份,而宾语,表语,定语,状语,补语这些成分视句子的具体结构和需要而定。这里所提的句子包括主句和从句,即主句和从句均需含有主谓的基本结构。 [b][b]1. 主语单一原则 [b]主语单一指的是句子中必须有主语,而且必须唯一,这一原则在主句和从句中都是适用的。 [b]例1.____in the desert is mainly due to the limited supply of desert water. [b](A) Plants are widely spaced [b](B) The spacing of plants is wide [b](C) Plants to be spaced widely [b](D) The wide spacing of plants (01/99 12) [b]Key: D [b]分析:空格后的介词短语不能做主语,判断它是主语的修饰语,而空格处应填入主语。(D)中的名词短语做主语,正确。 [b][b]2. 谓语单一原则 [b]例2.Experiments related to the sense of smell are more easilyer_____than [b]those related to perception of color. [b](A) setting them up [b](B) to set up [b](C) set up [b](D) set up those (01/97 14) [b]Key:C [b]分析:主句谓语动词是被动语态,easily是副词,修饰set up。(注意,在考试中还有一个经常考的考点是主语 + 系动词 + 不定式表示被动意义,如The book is easy to read. “easy” 是形容词,所以后面用不定式。 [b][b]3. 主谓结构 [b]例3. Copper_____used by humans and is second only to iron in its utility through the ages. [b](A) the first metal [b](B) was the first metal [b](C) the first metal that [b](D) being the first metal (10/98 7) [b]Key:B [b]分析:由and连接的并列的句子可以看出,前面应该是一完整的句子结构,现在缺少谓语成份。只有(B)有谓语动词was。Used by humans过去分词做定语修饰metal。 [b][b]4. 宾语成份 [b]。常考类型包括:及物动词后的宾语成份,激磁后需加的宾语成份,某些词或词组带双宾语的固定用法。 [b]例4.Formerly called natural philosophy,physics has retained_____of [b]understanding the structure of the nature world and explaining natural [b]phenomena. [b](A) its original aim [b](B) it aimed originally [b](C) its original aim was [b](D) aiming originally (10/98 3) [b]Key:A [b]分析:主语缺少宾语,只有(A)是名词性短语,可以作为句子的宾语。Of 后面的成份作为宾语的修饰成份。 [b][b]. 定语成份 [b]句子定语成份一般是指做句子主语和宾语成份的修饰词,一般为形容词和形容词短语,也有分词形式的定语,一般把它归为分词结构这一考点中。 [b]例5.Jupiter,the closest of the giantplanets to Earth,has_____solid surface and is surrounded by zones of intense radiation. [b](A) not [b](B) nor [b](C) no [b](D) neither (10/96 7) [b]Key:C [b]分析:空格处缺少宾语solid surface 的修饰语,仅C符合条件。 [b]6. 表语成份 [b]常考内容包括名词,形容词和介宾短语。 [b]例6.The Pulitzer Prize has been_____in American literature for more than seventy years. [b](A) the award most prestigious that [b](B) the most prestigious award [b](C) a prestigious award that most [b](D) most prestigious award (01/97 15) [b]Key:B [b]分析:全句缺少表语。Award是表语中心词,前面是形容词最高级修饰。 [b]7. 状语成份 [b]常考的状语成份为:介宾短语做状语,形容词短语做状语,分词短语做状语,不定式做状语等。 [b]例7.Direct information on the chemical composition of the Moon because [b]available in 1969_____of the first Apollo mission to land on the Moon. [b](A) with the return [b](B) returning [b](C) when returned [b](D) and the return (01/98 5) [b]Key:A [b]分析:空格前主句结构完整,应填入辅助成份,(B)(C)均无法与后面的成份衔接,(D)and连接的成份无法与前面平行,又不是一个单句成份,(A)是介词短语做状语。 [b][b]名词性从句 [b]名词性从句是指定完整的句子中以名词形式出现的从句成份,主要包括主语从句,宾语从句,表语从句,补语从句。 [b]8. 主语从句 [b]例8._____touching in O Henry’s stories is the gallantry with which [b]ordinary people struggle to maintain their dignity. [b](A) Most is [b](B) It mostly is [b](C) Is it most [b](D) What is most (05/98 5) [b]Key:D [b]分析:(A)(B)(C)都会造成主句谓语动词重复,(D)what引导的名词性从句做主语。 [b]9.宾语从句 [b]从句是主语的宾语。格式:sub+vt+从句引导词+句子 [b]例9.Astronomers estimate ______called the Pleiades in the constellation [b]Taurus is 415 light-years away from Earth. [b](A) that a loose cluster of stars [b](B) a loose cluster of stars is [b](C) that is a loose cluster of stars [b](D) there is a loose cluster of stars (08/01 11) [b]Key:A [b]分析: estimate是及物动词,后面的空格应该是宾语,或者宾语从句。(A)从句的谓语是后面的is。(B)(C)(D)其谓语和后面的谓语矛盾了,一个句子只能有一个谓语 [b]10.表语从句 [b][b]11.同位语 [b]同位语是[url=http://www.gter.net/news/content.jsp?type=TOEFL]TOEFL[/url]语法每次必考的内容之一,一般做主语或是宾语的同位语,句子的主干已经完整,同位语作为一个插入成份作补充说明之用。 [b]同位语成份根据位置不同可分为前位同位语和后位同位语,即同位语分别在主语的前面或后面,另外还有that引导的同位语从句。 [b]例11。The Liberty Bell, formerly housed in Independence Hall, --- in [b]Philadelphia, was moved to a separate glass pavilion in 1976. [b](A) which a historic building [b](B) a historic building which [b](C) was a historic building [b](D) a historic building (05/01 12) [b]Key:D [b]分析:句子有完整的主谓宾,空格部分成分是主语的同位语 [b](A) (B)从句少谓语;(C) 后边已经有谓语了,此处又没有从句引导词,was多余。 [b][b]12.关系词用法 [b]关系词分关系代词和关系副词,关系代词有who/whose/whom,which,that,what,关系副词有where,when,why,how等,主要引导定语从句,宾语从句,主语从句表语从句等。 [b]例12。Generally, the representatives ------ a legislature are [b]constitutionally elected by a broad spectrum of the population. [b](A) who they compose [b](B) who compose [b](C) ad compose [b](D) compose (01/01 3) [b]Key:B [b]分析:这是一个主从句。主语representatives 后已经有了谓语其后的空格应该是个从句。 [b](A) 从句有个多余的主语they ;(C)解释不通;(D) 无从句引导词,形成2个谓语。 [b][b]13.连词用法 [b]两个句子之间,一般要有连接词。常见的连词有: [b]对等连词,连接两个并列的句子:and,or,but,whereas,so,for,等等。 [b]连接主语和从句的连词: [b]if,when,while,where,unless,since,until,as,because,although,as soon as,even,if,even though,as if,等等。 [b]例13。In the Arctic tundra, ice fog may form under clear skies in winter, ____ coastal fogs or low stratus clouds are common in summer. [b](A) because of [b](B) whereas [b](C) despite [b](D) that (08/00 6) [b]Key:B [b]分析:空格前后为两个完整的分句,则空格处应填一个连词,连接前后两个句子.despite为介词,because of 不跟句子。 [b][b]14.省略结构 [b]在状语从句中,“主语+be动词”常常有省略现象,这是允许的,但必须保证两个成份同时存在或同时省略。 [b][b]15.比较结构 [b]比较结构常考内容为:比较级的表达,比较的对等成份,最高级的冠词的应用。比较级后半部分可倒装或不倒装。 [b][b]16.倒装结构 [b]倒装是TOEFL必考语法点之一,一般而言,在以下几种情况下,要用倒装结构。 [b]? 否定副词提前,? 主句倒装。如hardly,rarely,not only,not until等。 [b]? only + 介词短语/副粗短语做状语提前,? 后主句倒装。 [b]? so + 形容词/副词提前,? 后倒装。 [b]? 表语提前,? 用倒装结构。 [b]例16。 Among the first plants to grow on the land regions of the Earth [b]_____, which in prehistoric times grew to immense size [b](A) were horsetail rushes [b](B) horsetail rushes [b](C) horsetail rushes were [b](D) and horsetail rushes (01/99 1) [b]Key:A [b]分析:Among……引导的介词短语放在句首,且没有用逗号隔开,后面的谓语部分应该倒 [b]装,只有A符合条件。(B)缺全句谓语 ;(C)如果Earth后面有逗号,且were后面还有表语成分则可;(D)and 引起并列连接,可是本句中无法有符合逻辑的并列成分。 [b][b]17.特定句型 [b]TOEFL每次考试的语法中,都有一些特定句型的考题。主要可归纳为以下几类: [b]? 强调句型。 [b]? 虚字句型。 [b]? 应变句型。 [b][b]18.固定搭配 [b]在英语表达中,有些词或词组有着其特有的用法,在这里作为考点单列出来,作为固定搭配,希望引起大家注意。 [b]make possible sth/that. [b]例18。 During the decades after the United States Civil War, a host of [b]technical advances made possible ______and uniformity of railroad service. [b](A) a new integration [b](B) for a new integration [b](C) that a new integration [b](D) and a new integration (08/01 14) [b]Key:A [b]分析: (B)made 后面没有了宾语;(C)that后面没有谓语,无法构成从句;(D)made后面没有了宾语,而且and 前后也不是平行结构。 [b][b]2. 改错部分 [b]这一部分除了涉及选择填空部分的基于句子结构分析的句法考点外,更多的是侧重对词的考查,要求考生的词的词性,成份,语态,搭配等都有清楚的认识。因为词的变化和搭配多种多样,很难全部掌握,因此本部分往往是影响语法最后高分获得的关键所在。 [b][b][b]19.冠词用法 [b]冠词用法在每次TOEFL考试中都会出现,主要考查:a/an的混用,a/an的遗漏,定冠词 调和the的多余或遗漏。 [b]例19。Since the advent of rock music in the 1950's the popular music of the [b]A B [b]United States has become a significant musical influence around world. [b]C D [b]Key:D around the world (10/99 29) [b]分析:world应加冠词the表特指。 [b][b]20.动名词用法 [b]动名词是由动词变化而来,和名词一样可以做主语,宾语,表语,同时也具有动词的功能,后可以加宾语或副词修饰,这又是它区别于一般名词的特性。 [b]一般来说,动名词也有逻辑主语,如果与主语不一致时,必须加上所有格形式。若要表示被动或完成时态,前用being + 分词或having + 分词。 [b][b]21.动词不定式 [b]动词不定式在 TOEFL考试中主要考察3知识点:不定式后动词要用原形,不定式记号“to”的省略,不定式的特殊语意。 [b]例21。There were once only eight major lakes or reservoirs in Texas, but [b]today [b]A B [b]there are over 180, many built to storing water against periodic droughts. [b]C D [b]Key:D to store (08/01 21) [b]分析:此处的to 是不定式,后面应该接动词原形。 [b][b]22.分词结构 [b]分词包括现在分词和过去分词,主要表示主动和被动的区别。一般分词结构在句中的成份为状语,可以表示原因,时间,条件,伴随等,也可作为定语修饰名词,要注意分词和逻辑主 [b]语的搭配。 [b]例22。The first fiction writer in the United States to achieve [b]international fame [b]A B C [b]was Washington Irving, who wrote many stories, included " Rip Van Winkle" [b]and D [b]"The Legend of Sleepy Hollow". (01/00 23) [b]Key:D including [b]分析:D前面已经是一个完整的句子,D改为including做伴随状语,说明前面的主句。 [b][b]23.平行结构 [b]一些固定的搭配和连词连接相同的成分,根据这个结构就可判断相应的错误所在。这些词包括and,or,but,,both…and…,as well as,rather than,other than,not… [b]but…,either…or…,nither…nor…,the same…as…,such…as…,not only…but [b]also…等,平行结构是遵循对等原则,包括词性平行,名词单复数平行,时态平行。 [b]例23。Three fundamental aspects of forest conversation are the protection of A immature trees, the use of proper harvesting methods, and provide for an [b]B C [b]environment that supports reproduction. (01/00 24) [b]D [b]Key:C provision [b]分析:考点是平行结构,and表示并列,所以C应当用名词. [b][b]24.动词的语态 [b]动词的语胎主要是指主动与被动的区分。 [b]例24。The one-fluid theory of electricity was proposing by Benjamin [b]Franklin, [b]A B [b]a man famous for his wide interests and great attainments. (08/01 37) [b]C D [b]Key:B proposed [b]分析:由by sb.可知,这是个被动语态。B错。 [b][b]25.动词的时态 [b]时态包括过去式,过去完成式,现在式,现在完成式,将来式等,要根据时间状语和句子的意思来区分。 [b][b][b]26.主谓一致 [b]主谓一致指谓语动词的形式和主语搭配要一致。 [b][b]27.代词用法 [b]主要考查内容为:所有格,反身代词的误用,代词指代时人称和数上的不一致。 [b]例27。Polar bears are bowlegged and pigeon-toed, adaptations that enable [b]this [b]A B [b]massive animals to maintain their balance as they walk. (01/00 20) [b]C D [b]Key:B these [b]分析:人称代词单复数的误用。句中谓语动词are提示A bears正确,则B this应该用其复数形式。 [b][b][b]28.介词用法 [b]介词用法主要考查介词的多余,遗漏和介词的误用等。 [b][b]29.名词单复数 [b]常考知识点为复数名词的变形,集合名词,不可数名词的用法,单复数同形的情况,名词做形容词时的形式。 [b]一般来是单数可数名词前有冠词修饰,若无冠词则要用复数形式,或前有a/an修饰的名词应是单数形式,前有many.a great number of,a few或数词等修饰词时,名词一般用复数,而有a great deal,a great amount of,much,a little等修饰时,后一般为不可数名词。当名词做形容词修饰其他名词时,一般用单数形式,特殊如:sales tax,sports program,systems engineering等。 [b]例29。The ability to talk is one of the skill that make humans different [b]from [b]A B C [b]the rest of the animal world. (01/00 18) [b]D [b]Key:B kills [b]分析:one of 后面要加名词复数。 [b][b]30.词序 [b]常考知识点为:修饰词与被修饰词位置颠倒,系表位置颠倒等。 [b]例30。Caves are formed by the chemical or action mechanical of water on [b]soluble [b]A B [b]rock, by volcanic activity, and by earthquakes. (01/00 21) [b]C D [b]Key:A mechanical action [b]分析:除了定语后置(n.+adj.),其它都是adj+n。 [b][b]31.词的误用 [b]这是TOEFL考试中考查最频繁的一类题型,包括: [b]? 词性的错用。(如平行结构中) [b]? 限定词的错用。 [b]? 表“人”和表“物”的词的错用。 [b]例31。Having gained a reputation as a daring, intrepid journalist, Nellie Bly A became the first female report assigned to the Eastern front during the First [b]B C D [b]World War. (10/99 19) [b]Key:C reporter [b]分析:此处为“记者”。
  • 相关阅读
  • 寄托热选