[b]以下是在11月考试中总结的关于Argument的资料，供大家参考 [b][b]每篇必用的经典词 [b][b]必然类：necessarily, ensure, warrant, guarantee, causal [b][b]明显类：conspicuously, obviously, clearly, apparently [b][b]怀疑类：doubtfully, unconvincing, unacceptable, unwarranted, unfounded [b][b]可能类：possible, probably, likely, [b][b]There is a good chance that... [b][b]It is more likely that... [b][b]It is equally possible that... [b][b]因果类：result in, result from, therefore, as a result [b][b]转折类：even though, however, otherwise [b][b]其他类：As we all know.... [b][b]A great deal of emphatic evidence shows that.... [b][b]It doesn't follow that... [b][b]The fact tells very little about... [b][b]Another assumption short of legitimacy is that.... [b][b][b]模板之8大逻辑错误 [b][b]以下只是我在写作中常用的几个模板，仅供参考。 [b][b]1. A baseless survey/study [b][b]The validity of the survey is open to doubt. [b][b]The survey lacks representativeness... [b][b]There is no specific information about the survey... [b][b]Without knowing how the survey was done, how it represents the public [b]opinion. [b][b]Who conducted the survey? Who responded? How the pool was conducted? [b][b]The opinion lacks representativenss of overall attitudes based on which we [b]can make any general judgement about the conclusion.... [b][b]In absence of specific information about the survey, it’s impossible for [b]us to evaluate the argument. [b][b]2. Oversimplification [b][b]The arguer commits a fallacy of oversimplification. [b][b]There are several major factors contribute to the XXX other than YYY, such [b]as/for instance ZZZ, all of which are ignored by the arguer. [b][b]As we know, XXX depends on many factors, such as ZZZ, which are unknown [b]from the argument. The arguer fails to establish a causal relationship [b]between XXX and YYY. [b][b]For example, YYY may also help explain XXX. [b][b]Factors such as AA and BB both have some bearing on XXX. [b][b]Actually, the recommendation that YYY as the only way to XXX most likely [b]turns out to be ineffective and somewhat misleading. [b][b]3. A false analogy [b][b]The argument is based on a false analogy. [b][b]Even though there are some points of comparison between XXX and YYY, there [b]are dissimilarities as well. [b][b]But the problem is that the two situations are not similar enough to [b]justify the analogical deduction. [b][b]As we know, the structure, system and operation are conspicuously [b]different. [b][b]It's an incomplete and selective comparison. [b][b]Even though XXX is proved effective in YYY, there is no guarantee that it [b]will just work as well in ZZZ. [b][b]4. A gratuitous assumption [b][b]The argument is based on a gratuitous assumption that ####, which is of [b]course unwarranted. [b][b]The arguer fails to convince us that.... [b][b]5. A false dilemma [b][b]The arguer unfairly assumes that we must make an either/or choice between [b]XXX and YYY. [b][b]XXX and YYY are not necessarily mutually-exclusive alternatives. [b][b]Adjusting XXX and YYY together might produce a better result. [b][b]6. A hasty generalization [b][b]We are informed that XXX, but we do not know whether all of #### prefer [b]####. [b][b]We can believe that XXX is indeed ####, but based on this slim information [b]we can never evaluate the overall performance of YYY. [b][b][b]7. A fallacy of "after this, therefore, because of this" [b][b]The arguer unfairly assumes that XXX caused YYY, since many other reasons [b]may explain that ####. [b][b]Unless other possibilities have be considered and ruled out, the conclusion [b]is inconvincible. [b][b]8. All things are equal. [b][b]The arguer commits a fallacy of "all things are equal". [b][b]The arguer assumes without justification that the background conditions [b]have remained the same at different time and different places. [b][b]文章结构 [b][b]In this argument, the arguer recommends that ####, to support this [b]conclusion the arguer cites the result of a resent survey that ####, [b]moreover, the arguer points out that ####. As it stands the argument [b]suffers from several critical flaws as follows. [b][b]First of all, the arguer commits a fallacy of ####. [b][b]In addition, the validity of the survey is open to doubt ####. [b][b]Finally, the argument is based on a gratuitous assumption that ####. To sum [b]up, the conclusion reached in the argument lacks credibility since the [b]evidence cited in the analysis does not lend strong support to what the [b]arguer claims. To make the argument more convincing, the arguer should [b]provide more information concerning ####, to better evaluate the argument, [b]we need more concrete evidence that ####, otherwise the argument is [b]logically unacceptable. [b]