这是竹子准备考试过程中自认为的精华部分，（自己整理总结的东西）献给PAISLEY和寄托天 [b]下的gters，希望能对大家有用。 [b]------------------------------------------------------------------------- [b]Argument提纲 [b][b]一．开头部分 [b]In this argument, the arguer concludes that… [b]To substantiate the conclusion, the arguer points out that… [b]In addition, the arguer assumes that / reasons that / cites the example [b]of / cites the result of a recent study that… [b]A careful examination of this argument would reveal how groundless it is. [b][b]二．论证驳斥部分 [b]First of all, the argument is based on a false analogy. / The arguer simply [b]assumes that… but he does not provide any evidence that … are indeed [b]comparable. / As we know, … differ conspicuously. / It is true that both… [b]but even here exist fundamental differences:… / Therefore, even though… [b]proved effective in doing… there is no guarantee that it will work just as [b]well for…// As a result, A and B do not establish a warranted analogy. So [b]we cannot safely assume that (两者无法比) [b]** The author unfairly assumes that A bears some relation to B. / However, [b]the author provides no evidence to support that this is the case, nor does [b]the author establish a causal relationship between A and B. / It is highly [b]possible that other factors might contribute to the B/change/progress. / [b]For example, … It is also likely B just resulted from … / Lacking [b]evidence that links A to B, it is presumptuous to suggest that A was [b]responsible for B. （无法建立必然的因果关系） [b]** The evidence the author provides is insufficient to support the [b]conclusion drawn from it. / One example is rarely sufficient to establish a [b]general conclusion. / Based on a specific example of… , it is logically [b]unsounded to make suggestion for all… / In fact, in face of such limited [b]evidence, it is fallacious to draw any conclusion at all. / Unless it can [b]be shown that … is representative of all…, the conclusion that… is [b]completely unwarranted. （单个事例不能说明整体问题） [b]** By concluding that sb must do A or must do B, the author commits a [b]fallacy of “false dilemma”. / The author assumes that A and B are the [b]only available solutions to the problem. / However, it is possible that [b]other factors might also contribute to the problem. For example,… / If so, [b]just doing A and B would not solve the problem. （还有其他原因） [b][b]In addition, the arguer commits a fallacy of hasty generalization. / Even [b]if… , which is, of course, an unwarranted assumption, it does not follow [b]that… / It is highly possible that other factors may have contributed to [b]B… / For instance,… / Besides, the arguer does not provide any solid [b]information concerning… / Unless… , which is unknown from this argument, [b]there is no guarantee that… // Without ruling out these and other possible [b]factors that give rise to B, the author cannot confidently conclude that… [b](结论得出过早，考虑不周到 ) [b][b][b]** The arguer assumes that just because one event follows another, the [b]second event has been caused by the first. / However, no evidence is [b]provided to support that this is the case. / The mere fact that A occurs [b]before B does not necessarily establish a causal relationship between A and [b]B. / It is highly possible that other factors might also bring about these [b]same results. / For instance,… In addition,… / Without ruling out these [b]and other possible factors that give rise to B, the author cannot [b]confidently conclude that… [b][b]** The recommendation depends on the assumption that no alternative means [b]of doing sth are available. / However, the arguer fails to offer any [b]evidence to substantiate this crucial assumption. It is highly possible [b]that means other than this would better solve the problem. / Without [b]considering and ruling out these and other alternative means of doing sth, [b]the author cannot confidently conclude that… [b][b]** The arguer assumes the characteristics of a group apply to every member [b]of that group. / The conclusion that… is based on the assumption that … / [b]However, there is no guarantee that this is the case, nor does the author [b]provide any evidence to substantiate this assumption. It is very likely [b]that… / Lacking such evidence the author cannot draw any firm conclusion. [b]（整体规律不一定适用于个人） [b][b]** It is assumed without justification that background conditions have [b]remained the same at different times / conditions. / The arguer unfairly [b]infer from… in the past that… / However, he/she fails to offer any [b]evidence to substantiate this inference. It is very likely that…, or [b]that… / Any of these scenarios, if true, would serve to undermine the [b]claim that… （从过去不能推知现在和将来） [b][b]Finally, the arguer provides no assurances that the survey on which the [b]argument depends is statistically reliable. / Lacking information about the [b]number of … surveyed and the number of respondents, it is impossible to [b]assess the validity of the results. /For example, if… were surveyed but [b]only… responded, the conclusion that… would be highly suspected. / [b]Another problem is the representativeness of the respondents. Were they [b]representative of all the…? Were… chosen for the survey chosen randomly [b]or did they volunteer for the survey?… / Lacking such evidence the author [b]cannot draw any firm conclusion based on the study. [b][b]三．结尾部分 [b]In summary, this argument is not persuasive as it stands. [b]To make it more convincing, the arguer would have to provide more evidence [b]concerning… / provide evidence to rule out other possible causes of… [b]To better evaluate the argument, we would need more information regarding… [b][b][b]====================== [b]Issue模版 [b][b]第一段 [b]Determining whether something should or should not be done could be weighed [b]in many aspects. Different people have different answers due to their [b]respective point of view. On balance, my view is that the final judgment [b]should depend on a case-by-case analysis of the two situations. / In my [b]point of view, I agree with the speaker on the grounds that… / At the [b]first glance, this opinion seems to be somewhat appealing, but further [b]reflection tells me that I cannot agree with it for the following reasons. [b][b]第二段 [b]**同意 [b]The first and foremost reason why I support / agree with above statement is [b]that … [b]There is also a further ? more subtle ? point to consider. [b][b]**反对 [b]Although at first glance these arguments sound reasonable and appealing, [b]they are not borne out by a careful consideration. [b]The undeniable deficiency in above arguments is that they are negligent of [b]the bare fact that... [b][b]第三段 [b]In conclusion, it must be explained that these three reasons sometimes [b]intertwine to form an organic whole, thus becoming more persuasive than [b]anyone of them. So, any thinking person must believe that… [b]