2002/06/02 10:49pm 　 [b][b]根据以前的贴子重新整理过的，修正了一些小差错。 [b][b][b][b]读者学习指导 [b][b]大原则：以实战的要求为目的。难句子不仅出现在阅读中，还出现在句子填空、逻辑单题中，因此，对句子的攻克变得相当重要。 [b][b]原则一：迅速读懂 [b]原则二：利用语法、不靠语法 [b][b]即在[url=http://www.gter.net/news/content.jsp?type=GRE]GRE[/url]中，考生永远也不需要在考场上分析一句话的语法成分，也不要想这句话有没有语法错误，考生的唯一任务就是现场迅速的读懂文章。然而在初期可以少量的运用语法，目的有二：一为初学者如果看不懂句子的结构，往往会感到心情沮丧，或大脑混乱，根本就读不进文章，因此引入语法能够给读者以信心；二为运用语法，可以了解文章的语法结构，并最终完全熟悉各种类型的句子，达到一遍就可以读懂句子的效果。 [b][b]原则三：学练结合，以练为主 [b][b]训练的类别： 1、难句阅读训练； [b]2、阅读理解力训练，即“懂”； [b]3、阅读速度与阅读习惯训练，即“迅速”。 [b][b]实际上，对于英语语法的学习，包括对英文单词的中文释意的记忆和对英语句子的中文翻译，都只是我们学习英语的辅助工具；我们最终的目的，是为了提高对英语的实际使用能力。具体到GRE考试的应用上，就是看到英语句子时，正确的做法不应该是现场分析出其语法结构，再背出每个单词的中文释意，再把这些中文单词串成句子，最后才根据翻译出来的中文来想这句话的意思是什么，而是读到每个单词、每一句话的时候，大脑中的第一反映是其意思而不是中文释意。 [b][b]同时，对于阅读习惯的培养相当重要，阅读过程中绝对不可以出声朗读，也不可以心读，而是意读，也不能单单的对一个词进行死抠，要知道阅读考的是句子和文章。为此，建议如下： [b][b]要点一：在难句子进行的阅读和训练中，只以在大脑中反映出所读英文的意思（不是中文释意）为唯一目的。什么时候读者发现自己完全消除了在阅读过程中的在大脑中的中文释意和语法分析过程，此要求即达到。 [b]四种训练方式：a、意群训练；b、不回视训练；c、合理化原则推理训练；d、速度与理 [b]解力的平衡点训练 [b]a、 意群训练：以几个相邻的表示同类意思的词为阅读的对象，而不是单个的单词。同时避免发声阅读，克服内心的声音和喉头与嘴唇的颤动，关键是： [b]要点二：眼睛在阅读材料上移动的速度要比自己在心中或喉头出声阅读的速度要快。 [b]b、 不回视训练：保证第一遍阅读时的高度注意力，避免回视，关键是： [b]要点三：在阅读文章时，都要注意整句的回视现象，坚持一遍就读下来。 [b]c、 合理化训练：根据文章中的上下文的逻辑推理，将不懂的地方进行合理推理。 [b]要点四：凡遇到不懂的地方，就用合理化推理进行推理。 [b]d、 速度与理解力的平衡点训练： [b]一、推出自己的速度与理解力的平衡点； [b]二、在阅读中根据所读的内容的难度和重要性程度，调整自己的现场阅读速度。 [b]要点五：贵在坚持，不可半途而废。 [b][b]GRE难句概论 [b][b]GRE阅读，包括数学和逻辑中的一些题干的一大特点，也就是一大难点，就是充斥着一些或很长、或很怪异的句子，我们称之为GRE难句。句子，作为任何阅读文章最基本的阅读单位，其重要性不言而喻。换句话说，句子读不懂，想要读懂文章，有如痴人说梦。可是GRE阅读中的句子之繁难，超出其他所有的英语考试的范畴，其长度更令人瞠目，往往读到句末，已经忘了前面在说些什么，令很多初学者困惑不已，不得不放弃真正读懂文章的想法。 [b][b]然而，GRE难句绝非不可攻克，只要训练方法得当，并且能够每天半小时左右进行练习，GRE难句完全可以在一个月甚至几周内被攻破，而做到这点，对我们GRE考生的意义是伟大的：第一，所有的长句子只读一遍就懂，避免了反复阅读造成的时间浪费，可以大大的提高大家的阅读速度；第二，可以顺利地做出机考中的高分题，因为与难句对应的阅读题，包括数学和逻辑中读起来较难的题目，一定对应较高的分值；第三，可以增加阅读文章时的理解力，提高对文章整体的把握能力；第四，可以增加我们的自信心，产生一种阅读中的顺畅的愉快感，使我们在学习GRE中不再沉浸在一种烦躁的情绪之中，真正的与文章的内容和作者的思路打交道。 [b][b]GRE难句的由来：我们知道，GRE文章都摘自美国的科学杂志或学术论文。我曾经到网上去看过那些东西，往往结构简单，句子流畅，绝不难读。然而经过ETS改编和压缩之后，GRE句子变得句子冗长、结构复杂、信息量大，造成读者的困难；因此GRE的难句完全是人为的东西。 [b][b]GRE难句与文章内容的对应关系：我经过长期观察发现，GRE的各种文章中，句子的难度与文章的内容有一种对应关系，也就是文章的内容越简单，句子就越难；如生命科学和自然科学题材的文章，由于其内容较难，细节较多，因此句子较短，较容易，以降低难度；而文学评论和社会科学的文章，因其内容较少，作者态度较为明确，因而难句既多又难；我们很多考生因为无法读懂这些句子，反而认为这两种文章比生物、物理文章更难。因此，对文学评论性文章比较害怕的同学们下一番功夫攻克GRE难句，就显得更为 [b]重要了。 [b][b]GRE难句分析分为四大类： [b]第一类：复杂修饰成分。句子本不难，但是修饰成分多且长。1、从句（定语、状语、同位语从句等等）；2、介词短语修饰；3、分词修饰；4、不定式修饰。经常是在同一个句子里既有从句又有介词短语，且都不止一个。 [b][b]例：The methods that a community devises to perpetuate itself come into [b]being to preserve aspects of the cultural legacy that that community [b]perceives as essential. [b]翻译：一个社会设计出来保存自己的方法得以形成来保持那个社会认为最重要的一些方面。 [b][b]读法：初级：读出主谓宾来。分析：主语：The methods； 谓语：com into being；不定式to引导表示目的状语。高级：直接读，见后。 [b]考查能力：考查考生的大脑容量。 [b][b]第二类：大段的插入语或同位语，打断读者的思路，割裂前后之间的语义，造成理解的困难。我们称之为“打岔”。 [b][b]例：Moreover, I can feel strong emotions in response to objects of art that [b]are interpretations, rather than representations, of reality. (LSAT) [b]读法：初级：跳过插入语； 高级：直接读。 [b]考查能力：大脑容量+抗干扰能力 。 [b][b]第三类：倒装：由于应该放在句首的成分太长，因此倒装到句末。也是一种人为现象。 [b][b]例：That sex ratio will be favored which maximizes the number of [b]descendants an individual will have and hence the number of gene copies [b]transmitted. [b]读法：需要经过训练后才能按正常语序读。 [b]正常语序：That sex ratio which maximizes the number of descendants that an [b]individual will have and hence the sex ration which maximize the number of [b]gene copies transmitted will be favored。 [b][b]高级读法：直接读，见后。 [b]考查能力：大脑的排序能力。 [b][b]第四类：省略：相对以上三种来讲比较简单，在短句中大家一般都可以看出。但是如果在长句中出现，特别是如果与以上三种之一甚至几种同时出现，也会给同学们带来很大的困难。如上例原句中的省略，在第二个the number of 前省略了“sex ratio which [b]maximizes”。 [b][b]GRE难句的典型结构 [b]1、 长成分 [b]1）、长从句做主语、宾语及其他成分 [b]a、 主语从句 [b]b、 宾语从句 [b]2）、长状语 [b]3）、层层修饰 [b]4）、并列成分 [b]2、 常见倒装搭配 [b]（1）、及物动词加介词：固定词组的固定搭配中，经常出现倒装情况，如：bring A to B，写作：bring to B A [b]例：Yet Waltzer’s argument, however deficient, does point to one of the [b]most serious weaknesses of capitalism-namely, that it brings to predominant [b]positions in a society people who, no matter how legitimately they have [b]earned their material rewards, often lack those other qualities that evoke [b]affection or admiration. [b]类似的情况：throw over, insert into, import into, infer from, establish [b]for, advocate as 等 [b]（2）、及物动词加副词 [b]例：make possible …(单词或者句子) [b]3、 省略的几种情况 [b]（1）、重复的成分 [b]（2）、让步转折的省略：如although (but) [b]（3）、定语从句引导词的省略which（that ） [b]（4）、定语从句的引导词和系动词同时省略，变成后置定语 [b]如：qualities(such as “the capacity for hard work”) essential in producing wealth [b]4、 短语被分割：如：such as, so that, too to, more than, from A to B, between A and B [b]5、 多重否定：如： [b]Despite these vague categories, one should not claim unequivocally that hostility between recognizable classes cannot be legitimately observed. [b][b]GRE难句训练法 [b]训练方法：凡读过的GRE文章，凡有读一两遍不懂的句子，摘下或输入电脑：每天花半小时来读，读懂读顺为止；开始越摘越多，直到20句以后，越摘越少，一个月后几乎没有了。这时可以达到高级读法：因为大脑已经熟悉了这4种难句的结构，因此可以预判和自动整理语序，除了太长的插入语之外（3行以上），均可以直接读下来。这里面的道理在于，人的大脑对于语言的处理方式是高度自动化的，一旦大脑熟悉了某种语言的结构，他就会对以这样的结构出现的语句进行自动的处理，哪怕句子是语序倒的，你也能在瞬间知道其意思，绝无混乱之感。 [b][b]最令人头疼的倒装为例，举一个中文的例子，比如“如之奈何”一句，学过古文的同学都知道这实际上是“奈何如之”的倒装，意思是“如何来对付他？”。然而读完“如之奈何”再把它恢复成正常语序“奈何如之”，才能理解其含义，这是初学古文的人的做法，真正看古文书的人不会这么读的。因为他天天都读这种语言，早已熟悉了这种结构，不管怎么看，他都知道这是在问怎么办的问题。你要问它为什么是这个意思，语法结构是怎么回事，它还可能真说不明白。 [b][b]其实语言本身就是为了表达含义的，只要你明白句子的意思，其语法结构不提也罢。我们训练GRE难句，就是要达到上面所谈的这种高级读法的境界，直接读下来（除了3行以上的插入语），就知道句子的意思。当然，这种读法必须以反复的、针对难句的训练为前提。而如果训练成功，ETS所考察你的种种大脑的能力也就通通无效了。GRE学习的一大秘诀，就在于把考场上考察你的难点和需要你花大量时间思考的东西兑换成考场下你的时间和努力。 [b][b]注意：贵在坚持。GRE学习，当然也包括GRE难句的训练，都好比逆水行舟，不进则退。想要读懂GRE难句，必须坚持每天读，把每一个你摘出来的句子彻底读通，读到这些句子就像是应该这样写，如果是你来写这些句子，你也要写一样。特别提一下，经过我的调查，凡是能够真正坚持用这种方法训练的同学，无一例外的都在数周之内，阅读能力和阅读速度都得到了大幅度的提高，兴奋地来找我，告诉我再没有完全读不懂的文章了。而大多数同学只练了几天就放弃了，实在可惜。其实如果真的能够每天都能认真地读上半小时，一个月之内，必有突破。而克服GRE难句，对于提高大家的逻辑单题、填空能力也至关重要。可以毫不夸张地说，只有克服了GRE难句，你的GRE学习才算真正入了门。 [b][b]为了节省同学们宝贵的学习时间，我在俞敏洪校长之鼓励下，将GRE NO4-No9 21套题84篇文章及GRE国内题（90-94）14套56篇文章中的所有难句进行了摘录和分类，尽列于此。由于绝大多数同学都需要留下最新10套模考，其句子没有收录，且由于最新题阅读 难度下降，其句子收录价值也十分有限。余日夜兼程，完工时惊觉所录难句恰100整。此数暗合[url=http://www.gter.net/news/content.jsp?type=TOEFL]TOEFL[/url]语法之100难句，此天意也？ [b][b]1.That sex ratio will be favored which maximizes the number of descendants an individual will have and hence the number of gene copies transmitted. (难度系数5，下同) 那种性别比例能在最大程度上增加一个个体所能拥有的后代数量，并因此能在最大程度 [b]上增加所传递到后代身上去的基因复制品的数量。 [b][b]2.(This is) A desire to throw over reality a light that never was might give away abruptly to the desire on the part of what we might consider a [b]novelist-scientist to record exactly and concretely the structure and texture of a flower. (5++) [b][b]复杂+倒装+省略。（这是一种）照亮现实的欲望，此欲望从来就不会唐突的取代后面的那种欲望，后者是我们可以将其部分的理解为一个兼任小说加和科学家的人想要去准确并具体的记录下一朵花的结构和文理的那种意义上的欲望。 [b][b]3.Hardy’s weakness derived from his apparent inability to control the comings and goings of these divergent impulses and from his unwillingness [b]to cultivate and sustain the energetic and risky ones. (3) [b][b]哈代的缺陷一方面缘起于他的某种明显的无能，无法控制好那结不尽相同的创作冲动的穿梭往来；另一方面缘起于他不愿意去培养和维持那些富于生机活力和风险性强的创作冲动。 [b][b]4.Virginia Woolf’s provocative statement about her intentions in writing Mrs. Dalloway has regularly been ignored by the critics, since it [b]highlights an aspect of her literary interests very different from the traditional picture of the "poetic" novelist concerned with examining states [b]of reverie and vision and with following the intricate pathways of individual consciousness. (5) [b][b]弗吉尼亚.伍尔夫（Virginia Woolf）在创作《黛洛维夫人》（Mrs. Dalloway）时有关其创作意图的这番发人深思的陈述，迄今为止一贯为文学评论家们所忽略，因为它突出反映了她诸多文学兴趣中某一方面，而这一方面则与人们对“诗性”小说家（poetic novelist）所形成的传统见解大相径庭。所谓的“诗性”小说家，所关注的是审视想入非非和白日梦幻的诸般状态，并致力于追寻个体意识的通幽曲径。 [b][b]5.As she put it in The Common Reader, “It is safe to say that not a single [b]law has been framed or one stone set upon another because of anything [b]Chaucer said or wrote; and yet, as we read him, we are absorbing morality [b]at every pore.” (5-) [b][b]就像她在《致普通读者》一书中所表达的那样，“尽管可以毫无疑问的说，没有任何法律被指定出来，也没有任何高楼大厦被建立起来是因为乔叟说了什么或者写了什么；然而，当我们读它的书的时候，我们身上每一个毛孔都充满了道德”。 [b][b]6. With the conclusion of a burst activity, the lactic acid level is high in the body fluids, leaving the large animal vulnerable to attack until the [b]acid is reconverted, via oxidative metabolism, by the liver into glucose, which is then sent (in part) back to the muscles for glycogen resynthesis. [b](4+) [b][b]随着爆发出来的运动的结束，再体液中乳酸含量会变得很高，使得大型动物处于容易受到攻击的状态，直到乳酸通过有氧新陈代谢，被肝脏转化成（convert into）葡萄糖，而葡萄糖接下来又会（部分）传送回肌肉中重新合成糖原。 [b][b]7.Although Gutman admits that forced separation by sale was frequent, he shows that the slaves’ preference, revealed most clearly on plantations [b]where sale was infrequent, was very much for stable monogamy. (3+) [b][b]虽然古特曼承认，由于奴隶买卖而造成的被迫离散甚为频繁，但他还是证明，奴隶的偏爱——在那些奴隶买卖并不频繁的种植园上被最为显著地揭示出来——在很大程度上侧重于稳定的一夫一妻制（monogamy）。 [b][b]8.Gutman argues convincingly that the stability of the Black family encouraged the transmission of — and so was crucial in sustaining — the Black heritage of folklore, music, and religious expression from one [b]generation to another, a heritage that slaves were continually fashioning out of their African and American experiences. (4) [b][b]古特曼人令人信服地论辨道，黑人家庭的稳定有助于包括民间传说、音乐、及宗教表达在内的黑人文化遗产一代一代传递下去，因而在维持文化遗产方面也起着至关重要的作用，而对于这种文化遗产，黑奴们不断地从其非洲和美洲的经历中予以丰富发展。 [b][b]9.This preference for exogamy, Gutman suggests, may have derived from West African rules governing marriage, which, though they differed from one [b]tribal group to another, all involved some kind of prohibition against unions with close kin. (3+) [b][b]古特曼表示，这种对于外部通婚的偏爱很有可能缘起于西部非洲制约着婚姻的规定，尽管这些规定在一个和另一个部落群体之间不尽相同，但都涉及到某种对近亲联姻（union with close kin）的禁止。 [b][b]10.His thesis works relatively well when applied to discrimination against Blacks in the United States, but his definition of racial prejudice [b]as "racially-based negative prejudgments against a group generally accepted [b]as a race in any given region of ethnic competition, "can be interpreted as also including hostility toward such ethnic groups as the Chinese in [b]California and the Jews　　in medieval Europe. (4+) [b][b]该社会学家的命题当被应用于针对美国黑人的歧视时，相对而言尚能适用，但他对种族偏见所下的定义——即“以种族为基础的、针对某个群体的消级的先入之见，而该群体在任何特定的种族竞争地区则被普遍认作一种族”——可被理解成同样也襄括了针对加利福尼亚州的中国人以及中世纪的犹太人这样一些种族群体的敌视态度。 [b][b]11.Such variations in size, shape, chemistry, conduction speed, excitation threshold, and the like as had been demonstrated in nerve cells remained [b]negligible in significance for any possible correlation with the manifold dimensions of mental experience. (5) [b][b]类似于这些已经被在神经细胞中证明的在大小、形状、化学过程、产生的速度、兴奋阈值及其类似的方面上所发生变化，当他们被用来与大脑的体验以可能的方式联系起来的时候，他们在重要性上仍然是微不足道的。 [b][b]12.It was possible to demonstrate by other methods refined structural differences among neuron types; however, proof was lacking that the quality [b]of the impulse or its condition was influenced by these differences, which seemed instead to influence the developmental patterning of the neural [b]circuits. (5) [b][b]有可能通过其他方法来证明神经元种类间的细微的结构差异；可是，这样的证据是缺乏的，即神经冲动的性质或者状态是受这些差异所影响的，而这些差异看起来却能影响神经网络的发育模式。 [b][b]13.Although qualitative variance among nerve energies was never rigidly disproved, the doctrine was generally abandoned in favor of the opposing [b]view, namely, that nerve impulses are essentially homogeneous in quality and are transmitted as "common currency" throughout the nervous system. (4) [b][b]虽然某些实验表明，随着一个物体变得熟悉起来，其内心再现图像亦更具整体感，辨认过程相应地更趋于平行，但证据的砝码似乎在支持序列假设（serial hypothesis），至少是对于那些不甚简单、不甚熟悉的物体来说。 [b][b]14.Other experiments revealed slight variations in the size, number, rrangement, and interconnection of the nerve cells, but as far as [b]psychoneural correlations were concerned, the obvious similarities of these sensory fields to each other seemed much more remarkable than any of the [b]minute differences. (4-) [b][b]尽管其他实验显示在神经细胞的大小、数量、排列和相互连接上有一些小的差异，但是 [b]就心理-神经的关系而言，这些感官区域彼此之间的明显的相似性看起来比起微小的差异更为令人注目。 [b][b]15.Although some experiments show that, as an object becomes familiar, its internalrepresentation becomes more holistic and　the recognition process correspondingly more parallel, the weight of evidence seems to support the [b]serial hypothesis, at least for objects that are not notably simple and familiar. (4+) [b][b]虽然某些实验表明，随着一个物体变得熟悉起来，其内心再现图像亦更具整体感，辨认过程相应地更趋于平行，但证据的砝码似乎在支持序列假设（serial hypothesis），至少是对于那些不甚简单、不甚熟悉的物体来说。 [b][b]16.In large part as a consequence of　the feminist movement, historians [b]have focused a great deal of attention in recent years on determining more [b]accurately the status of women in　various periods. (3+) [b][b]在很大程度上，由于女权主义运动（feminist movement）的缘故，史学家近年来汇聚了大量的注意力，来更为准确地确定妇女在各个历史时期的地位。 [b][b]17.If one begins by examining why ancients refer to Amazons, it becomes clear that ancient Greek descriptions of such societies were meant not so [b]much to represent observed historical fact — real Amazonian societies —[b]but rather to offer “moral lessons” on the supposed outcome of women’s rule in their own society. (4) [b][b]如果我们先研究一下为什么古人会提到亚马逊人，下面的一点就变得清晰了，那就是古希腊对于这种社会的庙睡不是太多的被用来表达观察的历史事实——真正的亚麻逊社会的——而是为了对于妇女在其社会中的统治的预期后果提供一种“道德教导”。 [b][b]18.Thus, for instance, it may come as a shock to mathematicians to learn that the Schrodinger equation for the hydrogen atom is not a literally [b]correct description of this atom, but only an approximation to a somewhat more correct equation taking account of spin, magnetic dipole, and [b]relativistic effects；and that this corrected　equation is itself only an imperfect approximation to an infinite set of　quantum field-theoretical equations. (5) [b][b]因此，举例来说，对数学家而言，了解到下述情形可能会令其惊愕不已，即薛定谔（Schrodinger）的氢原子方程式并非是对该原子作出的一种绝然正确的描述，而仅仅是个近似值，趋近于一个在某种程度上更为正确的将自旋、磁性偶极子、以及相对论效应考虑在内的方程式；而这个得以纠正的方程式就其本身而言也只是一个不完美的近似值，趋近于无穷无尽的一整套量子场论方程式。 [b][b]19.The physicist rightly dreads precise argument, since an argument that is convincing only if it is precise loses all its force if the assumptions on [b]which it is based are slightly changed, whereas an argument that is convincing though imprecise may well be stable under small perturbations of [b]its underlying assumptions. (5+) [b][b]物理学家恐惧于那些精确无误的论据不无道理，因为某种只有在它是精确无误的条件下才令人置信的论据，一旦它赖于建立其上的假设稍有变化，便会失去它一部的作用；而与此相反，一个尽管并不精确无误但却令人置信的论据，在其基本假设（underlying assumption）稍微受干扰的情况下，仍然有可能是站得住脚的。 [b][b]20.However, as they gained cohesion, the Bluestockings came to regard [b]themselves as a women’s group and to possess a sense of female solidarity [b]lacking in the saloonieres, who remained isolated from one another by the [b]primacy each held in her own salon. (4-) [b][b]起初，蓝袜女们确实模仿了法国沙龙女主人，将男性襄括到其小圈子中来。然则，随着她们获得的凝聚力，她们渐趋将自己视作一女性团体，并拥有了一种妇女团结意识，而这种意识在法国沙龙女主人身上则荡然无存，因为她们每个人在其自己的沙龙中自视甚高而彼此孤立隔绝开来。 [b][b]21.As my own studies have advanced, I have been increasingly impressed with the functional　　similarities between insect and vertebrate societies and less so with the structural differences that seem, at first glance, to [b]constitute such an immense gulf between them. (5) [b][b]随着我的研究不断深入，我对昆虫和脊椎动物群落之间的功能类似性印象愈来愈深刻， 而对结构上的差异印象愈发淡漠，虽然这些结构上的差异初看上去似乎构成了二者间一条无法愈越的鸿沟。 [b][b]22.Although fiction assuredly springs from political circumstances, its authors react to those circumstances in ways other than ideological, and [b]talking about novels and stories primarily as instruments of ideology circumvents much of the fictional enterprise. (4) [b][b]虽然小说无疑起源于政治情状，但其作者则是以非意识形态的方式对这些政治情状作出反应的，而将小说和故事主要地当作意识形态的工具来探讨，会在相当程度上阻碍小说事业。 [b][b]23.Is this a defect, or are the authors working out of, or trying to forge, a different kind of aesthetic？(3) [b][b]这究竟是一种缺陷呢，或者是否表明，这些作者是在按照一种与众不同的美学体系进行创作，抑或是在试图创立一种与众不同的美学体系？ [b][b]24.In addition, the style of some Black novels, like Jean Toomer’s Cane, [b]verges on expressionism or surrealism; does this technique provide a counterpoint to the prevalent theme that portrays the fate against which [b]Black heroes are pitted, a theme usually conveyed by more naturalistic modes of expression? (5) [b][b]不仅如此，有些黑人小说（比如JT的甘蔗）的风格接近与表现主义和超现实主义；这种技巧是否为流行的主题提供了一个和谐的对应呢？这种主题刻画了黑人注意与之相抗争的命运，这是一个通常用更为自然主义的表现手法所表达的主题。 [b][b]25.Black Fiction surveys a wide variety of novels, bringing to our attention in the　process some fascinating and little-known works like James Weldon　Johnson’s Autobiography of an Ex-　　Colored Man. (4) [b][b]《黑人小说》考察了极为广泛的一系列小说，在此过程中让我们注意到了某些引人入胜但却鲜为人知的作品，如詹姆斯。韦尔登。约翰逊（James Weldon Johnson）的《一个曾经是有色人的自传》（Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man）。 [b][b]26.Although these molecules allow radiation at visible wavelengths, where most of the energy of sunlight is concentrated, to pass through, they [b]absorb some of the longer-wavelength, 　　infrared emissions radiated from the Earth’s surface, radiation that would otherwise be transmitted back into space. (4) [b][b]虽然这些分子允许可见波长（visible wavelength）的辐射——阳光的绝大部分能量就汇集于此——不受阻挡地穿透，但它们却会吸收某些较长波长（longer-wavelength），亦即从地球表面辐射出的红外发射（infrared emission），这种辐射若不是二氧化碳的缘故就会被重新输送回太空。 [b][b]27.The role those anthropologists ascribe to evolution is not of dictating the details of human behavior but one of imposing constraints — ways of [b]feeling, thinking, and acting that "come naturally" in archetypal [b]situations in any culture. (4) [b][b]这些人类学家所归诸于生物进化的作用，不是规定人类行为的种种细节，而是将各种限制强加于人类——即在任何文化的典型情景中都会“自然表露”的情感、思维、以及行动方式。 [b][b]28.Which of the following most probably provides an appropriate analogy [b]from human morphology for the “details” versus “constraints” [b]distinction made in the passage in relation to human behavior? (5) [b][b]以下哪一个选项最有可能为文章中所谈到的与人类行为有关的“人类行为细节”相对“人类所受限制”之间的差异，从人类形态的角度上提供了一个合适的类比？ [b][b]29.A low number of algal cells in the presence of a high number of grazers [b]suggested, but did not prove, that the grazers had removed most of the [b]algae. (3+) [b][b]在存在大量食草动物的同时却只有少量的水藻花粉囊，这暗示出——但没能证明——食草动物已吞噬了大部分水藻。 [b][b]30.Perhaps the fact many of these first studies considered only algae of a [b]size that could be collected in a net (net phytoplankton), a practice that [b]overlooked the smaller phytoplankton (nannoplankton) that we now know [b]grazers are most likely to feed on, led to a de-emphasis of the role of [b]grazers in subsequent research. (5) [b][b]可能这样一个事实，那就是很多这样的最初的研究只是考虑了那些能够用网捞起来的大小的水藻，这样一个忽视了更小的浮游生物（而这些浮游生物我们现在知道是捕食者主要的食物）的做法，导致了在接下来的研究中对于捕食者的作用的贬低。 [b][b]31.Studies by Hargrave and Geen estimated natural community grazing rates [b]by measuring feeding rates of individual zooplankton species in the [b]laboratory and then computing community grazing rates for field conditions [b]using the known population density of grazers. (5) [b][b]由哈格雷夫（Hargrave）和吉恩（Geen）所进行的研究，对自然条件下的群落食草比例进行了估计，其手段是通过测量出实验室内单独的浮游动物种类的结食比例，然后利用已知的食草动物种群密度，计算出实地状况下的群落食草比例。 [b][b]32.In the periods of peak zooplankton abundance, that is, in the late [b]spring and in the summer, 　　Haney recorded maximum daily community [b]grazing rates, for nutrient-poor lakes and bog lakes, respectively, of 6.6 [b]percent and 114 percent of daily phytoplankton production. (3+) [b][b]在浮游动物数量激增的高峰期，亦即在春季后期以及夏季，哈尼记录了最大程度上的每日群落食草比率，对于营养物不充足的湖和沼泽湖而言，分别为每日浮游植物繁殖量的6.6%和114%. [b][b]33.The hydrologic cycle, a major topic in this science, is the complete [b]cycle of phenomena through which water passes, beginning as atmospheric [b]water vapor, passing into liquid and solid form as precipitation, thence [b]along and into the ground surface, and finally again returning to the form [b]of atmospheric water vapor by means of evaporation and transpiration. (4) [b][b]水文循环（hydrologic cycle），作为该学科中的一个主要课题，指的是水所经过的诸现象的整个循环过程，开始时是作为大气中的水蒸气，转而作为雨、雪、露、雹一类的降水量经过液体和固体形态，由此而沿着地层表面分布或进入地层表面，最终通过蒸发和散发作用再度回复到大气水蒸气的形态。 [b][b]34.Only when a system possesses natural or artificial boundaries that [b]associate the water within it the hydrologic cycle may the entire system [b]properly be termed hydrogeologic. (4) [b][b]只有当一个系统拥有自然的或人工形成的边界来把边界中的水与水文循环联系起来的时候，才有可能把整个的系统恰当的成为与水文地质学有关。 [b][b]35.The historian Frederick J. Turner wrote in the 1890’s that the agrarian [b]discontent that had been developing steadily in the United States since [b]about 1870 had been precipitated by the closing of the internal frontier — [b]that is, the depletion of available new land needed for further expansion [b]of the American farming system. (4) [b][b]史学家弗雷德里克.杰.特纳（Frederick J.Turner）于十九世纪九十年代著述道，美国约自18世纪70年代以来一直在持续不断发展的农民不满，由于国内边远地区（internal frontier）的封闭而更趋加剧——亦即是说，美国农业系统进一步扩展所必需的可资利用的新土地几近耗竭。 [b][b]36.In the early 1950’s, historians who studied preindustrial Europe (which [b]we may define here as Europe in the period from roughly 1300 to 1800) [b]began, for the first time in large numbers, to　　investigate more of the [b]preindustrial European population than the 2 or 3 percent who comprised the [b]political and social elite：the kings, generals, judges, nobles, bishops, [b]and local magnates who had hitherto usually filled history books. (4) [b][b]二十世纪五十年代早期，研究前工业化时代欧洲（此处我们可将其界定为约自1300年至1800年这一时期的欧洲）的史学家，首次以众多的人数，开始调查前工业化时代欧洲人口中的大多数，而非那些构成了政治与社会精英阶层的百分之二或三的人口，即国王、将军、法官、贵族、主教、以及地方上的达官显贵，而正是这部分人一直到那时为止普遍充斥于史学著作。 [b][b]37.Historians such as Le Roy Ladurie　have used the documents to extract [b]case histories, which have illuminated the attitudes of different social [b]groups (these attitudes include, but are not　　confined to, attitudes [b]toward crime and the law) and have revealed how the authorities [b]administered justice. (3+) [b][b]象勒罗伊。拉迪里（Le Roy Ladurie）一类的史学家利用这些文献史料从中挖掘出某些个案史（case history）来，阐明了不同社会群体的态度（这些态度包括，但并非局限于，对犯罪和法律的态度），并揭示出当局是如何执行审判的。 [b][b]38.It can be inferred from the passage that a historian who wished to [b]compare crime rates per thousand in a European city in one decade of the [b]fifteenth century with crime rates in another decade of that century would [b]probably be most aided by better information about which of the following? [b](5) [b][b]从文章中可以推断出来，一个希望比较十五世纪以前一个十年的某个欧洲城市中的每千人的犯罪率与另外一个十年中的犯罪率的历史学家将会被以下那种信息的提高所最好的帮助？ [b][b]39.My point is that its central　consciousness — its profound [b]understanding of class and gender　　as shaping influences on people’s [b]lives — owes much to that earlier literary heritage, a heritage that, in [b]general, has not been sufficiently valued by most contemporary literary [b]critics. (4) [b][b]我的论点是，其作品的中心意识——它将阶级和性别作为人们生活的决定性影响而作出的深邃理解——在很大程度上借鉴了那个早期的文学遗产，而这一遗产就总体而言还尚未获得大多数当代文学评论家的足够重视。 [b][b]40.Even the requirement that biomaterials processed from these materials be [b]nontoxic to host tissue can be met by techniques derived from studying the [b]reactions of tissue cultures to biomaterials or from short-term implants. [b](5) [b][b]即使是这样的要求，即从这些材料中加工出来的生物材料应该对受移植者的组织无害，也能够通过从研究组织培养对生物材料的反应而来的，或从研究短期移植而来的技术来满足。 [b][b]41.But achieving necessary matches in physical properties across interfaces [b]between living and　　nonliving matter requires knowledge of which [b]molecules control the bonding of cells to each other — an area that we [b]have not yet explored thoroughly. (4) [b][b]但是，要想沿着原生和非原生物质之间的界面获取生理特性的必要匹配，需要某种知识，即什么样的分子控制着细胞彼此间的结合——而对这一领域，我们尚未进行充分的探索。 [b][b]42.Islamic law is a phenomenon so different from all other forms of law — [b]notwithstanding, of course, a considerable and inevitable number of [b]coincidences with one or the other of them as far as subject matter and [b]positive enactments are concerned — that its study is indispensable in [b]order to appreciate adequately the full range of possible legal phenomena. [b](5) [b][b]伊斯兰法是一种如此不同于所有其它法律形式的现象——毋庸置疑，尽管就其主要内容和有积极意义的法规而言，与其它法律形式中的这种或那种形式存在着相当数量的且不可避免的巧合相似之处——以致于对它进行研究便显得不可或缺，以便充分理解有可能存在的法律现象的全部范围。 [b][b]43.(Both Jewish law and canon law are more uniform than Islamic law.) [b]Though historically there is a discernible break between Jewish law of the [b]sovereign state of ancient Israel and of the Diaspora (the dispersion of [b]Jewish people after the conquest of Israel), the spirit of the legal [b]matter in later parts of the Old Testament is very close to that of the [b]Talmud, one of the primary codifications of Jewish law in the Diaspora. [b](5) [b][b]尽管从历史角度来看，在古代以色列作为独立主权国家的犹太教法与大流散时期（Diaspora，即以色列被征服后古代犹太人被巴比伦人逐出故土）的犹太教法之间存在着一个明晰可辨的断裂，然则，《旧约全书》（Old Testament）后半部分中法律内容的精神与《犹太教法典》（Talmud）极为一脉相承，而所谓的《犹太教法典》，是指大流散时期犹太教法的主要典籍辑录之一。 [b][b]44.Islam, on the other hand, represented a radical breakaway from the Arab [b]paganism that preceded it；Islamic law is the result of an examination from [b]a religious angle, of legal subject　　matter that was far from uniform, [b]comprising as it did the various components of the laws of pre-Islamic [b]Arabia and numerous legal elements　taken over from the non-Arab peoples of [b]the conquered territories. (4) [b][b]另一方面，伊斯兰教则代表着与此前存在的阿拉伯异教（Arab paganism）的一种根本上的决裂；伊斯兰法是从宗教的角度，对各种杂乱无章、绝无共同点的法律内容进行考察所致的结果，而这些法律内容实际上是由前伊斯兰阿拉伯国家（Pre-Islamic Arabia）法律的不尽相同的组成部分以及由从被征服的土地上非阿拉伯民族借鉴过来的无数法律因素所构成。 [b][b]45.One such novel idea is that (idea) of inserting into the chromosomes of [b]plants discrete genes that are not a part of the plants’ natural [b]constitution: specifically, the idea of inserting into　　nonleguminous [b]plants the genes, if they can be identified and isolated, that fit the [b]leguminous plants to be hosts for nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Hence, the [b]intensified research on legumes. (5) [b][b]这其中的一个新颖思想就是，在植物的染色体（chromosome）内注入并非是该植物自然构造一个部分的那些不相关联的因基：具体而言，这一思想是，在非豆科植物内注入这样一些基因，倘若这些基因可被辨识出来并被分离开来，而这些基因业已使豆科植物宜于充当那些具备固氮作用的细菌的寄主。由此，对豆科植物的研究日趋深入。 [b][b]46.It is one of nature’s great ironies that the availability of nitrogen [b]in the soil frequently sets an upper limit on plant growth even though the [b]plants’ leaves are bathed in a sea of nitrogen gas. (3+) [b][b]下述情形真可谓是自然界的一个莫大讽刺：土壤中所能获得的氮肥量往往对植物的生长构成了一个上限，虽然植物的叶子被沐浴在一片氮气的海洋中。 [b][b]47.Unless they succeed, the yield gains of the Green Revolution will be [b]largely lost even if the genes in legumes that equip those plants to enter [b]into a symbiosis with nitrogen fixers are identified and isolated, and even [b]if　the transfer of those gene complexes, once they are found, becomes [b]possible. (4) [b][b]除非他们能取得成功，不然的话，绿色革命的产量收益将在很大程度上损失殆尽，即使豆科植物中使这些植物有条件进入到与固氮细菌共生关系的基因可被辨识出来和分离开来的话，且即使这些基因综合体（gene complex），一旦被发现之后，其移植得以成为 [b]可能的话。 [b][b]48.Its subject (to use Maynard Mack’s categories) is "life-as-spectacle" [b]for readers, diverted by its various incidents, observe its hero Odysseus [b]primarily from without；the tragic Iliad, however, presents "life-as- [b]experience": readers are asked to identify with the mind of Achilles, whose [b]motivations render him a not particularly likable hero. (5) [b][b]其主题〔若借鉴梅纳德。迈克（Maynard Mack）的两个分类范畴的话〕是“人生作为外部景象”，因为读者的注意力被作品那形形色色的事件所分散，主要是从外部来观察其主人公奥德修斯（Odyssus）的；然而，富于悲剧色彩的《伊利亚特》所表现的则是“人生作为内心体验”：读者被要求与阿基琉斯（Achilles）的心灵产生共鸣，而其行为动机却致使他变作一个并非特别惹人喜爱的主人公。（从分号后的语句推理出前面的意思） [b]注：hero:主人公；without:外部；likable：有吸引力的 [b][b]49.Most striking among the many asymmetries evident in an adult flatfish is [b]eye placement： before maturity one eye migrates, so that in an adult [b]flatfish both eyes are on the same side of the head. (3+) [b][b]在一条成年比目鱼身上显著存在的诸多不对称（asymmetry）特征中，最为吸人注目的是眼睛的摆位：在成年之前，一只眼睛发生移动，因此在成年比目鱼身上，两只眼睛均位于头部的同一侧面。 [b][b]50.A critique of Handlin’s interpretation of why legal slavery did not [b]appear until the 1660’s suggests that assumptions about the relation [b]between slavery and racial prejudice should be reexamined, and that [b]explanations for the different treatment of Black slaves in North and South [b]America should be expanded. (4) [b][b]一个对于H的关于为何法律上的奴隶制没有在17世纪60年代以前出现的原因所作解释的批评显示，关于奴隶制和种族偏见之间的关系的假说应当重新检查，而且显示出，对于在北美和南美之间的对黑怒的不同处理的解释应当被扩展。 [b][b]51.The best evidence for the layered-mantle thesis is the well-established [b]fact that volcanic rocks found on oceanic islands, islands believed to [b]result from mantle plumes arising from the lower mantle, are composed of [b]material fundamentally different from that of the midocean ridge system, [b]whose source, most geologists contend, is the upper mantle. (5-) [b][b]对于地幔分层论点来说，最好的证据乃这样一个确认的事实，即在那些海洋岛屿——这些岛屿据信是源于由下层地幔升上来的地幔柱状溶岩流（mantle plume）——上发现的火山岩石，是由与海洋中部山脊系统的物质根本不同的物质构成的，而这一海洋中部山脊系统的成因，大多数地质学家论辩道，为上部地幔。 [b][b]52.Some geologists, however, on the basis of observations concerning mantle [b]xenoliths, argue that the mantle is not layered, but that heterogeneity is [b]created by fluids rich in "incompatible elements" (elements tending toward [b]liquid rather than solid state) percolating upward and transforming [b]portions of the upper mantle irregularly, according to the vagaries of the [b]fluids’ pathways. (4+) [b][b]但是，某些地质学家，以对地幔捕虏岩体（xenolith）所作的观察为依据，指出地幔并非是分层排列的，相反，地幔的异质性是由那些富含“不相容成分”的流质构成的，这些成分趋向于流体而非固体的状态，自下而上渗透扩散，并依照这些流质流向的任意性，不规则地将上部地幔的某些部分予以改变。 [b][b]53.Fallois proposed that Proust had tried to begin a novel in 1908, [b]abandoned it for what was to be a long demonstration of Saint-Beuve’s [b]blindness to the real nature of great writing, found the essay giving rise [b]to personal memories and fictional developments ,and allowed these to take [b]over it a steadily developing novel. (5-) [b][b]F认为，P在1908年试图开始写一部小说，又为了写一部批判S-B的 伟大作品的真正本质的视而不见的长篇的证明而放弃了这部小说，其后又发现这一论文又勾起了其个人记忆及小说情节的萌生，使得后者取而代之形成了一部稳定展开的小说。 [b][b]54.The very richness and complexity of the meaningful relationships that [b]kept presenting and rearranging themselves on all levels, from abstract [b]intelligence to profound dreamy feelings, made it difficult for Proust to [b]set them out coherently. (5) [b][b]各种有意义的联系在所有的层次上，自抽象的理性至深刻的梦幻般的情感，层出不穷并不断重新组合排列；正是这些有意义的联系的丰富性和复杂性，致使普鲁斯特难于将它们错落有致地安排好。 [b][b]55.But those of who hoped, with Kolb, that Kolb’s newly published complete [b]edition of Proust’s correspondence for 1909 would document the process in [b]greater detail are disappointed. (4) [b][b]但是我们当中的那些希望（也算上K本人）K新出版的P1909年书信的全集能够更加详细的记录下这一过程的人都大失所望。 [b][b]56.Now we must also examine the culture as we Mexican Americans have [b]experienced it, passing from a sovereign people to compatriots with newly [b]arriving settlers to, finally，a conquered people — a charter minority on [b]our own land. (5-) [b][b]现在我们必须也按照我们墨西哥裔的美国人的经历来审视这个文化，我们的经历是从一个主权的民族变成了新来的定居者的同胞，在最终沦落成为一个被征服的民族——在我们自己的土地上的契约的少数民族。 [b][b]57.It is possible to make specific complementary DNA’s (cDNA’s) that can [b]serve as molecular probes to seek out the messenger RNA’s (mRNA’s) of the [b]peptide hormones. If brain cells are making the hormones, the cells will [b]contain these Mrna’S. If the products the brain cells make resemble the [b]hormones but are not identical to them, then the cDNA’s should still bind [b]to　　these mRNA’s, but should not bind as tightly as they would to mRNA’ [b]s for the true hormones. (4) [b][b]科学家可以制造出特异的（specific）互补DNA’s（cDNA’s），以此作为分子探子（molecular probe），探觅出肽激素的信使RNA’s（mRNA’s）。如果大脑正在制造着肽激素，则细胞就会含有这些信使RNA’s.假若细胞所制造的产品类似于肽激素但并非与这些肽激素全然相同，那么，互补cDNA’s应仍然和这些信使mDNA’s粘结的程度。含有这些mRNA’s的脑细胞然后就可以被分离开来，研究者可对其信使RNA’s进行解码，以确定它们的蛋白质产品究竟是什么，并确定这些蛋白质产品在何种程度上类似于真正的肽激素。 [b][b]58.The molecular approach to detecting peptide hormones using cDNA probes [b]should also be much faster than the immunological method because it can [b]take years of tedious purifications　　to isolate peptide hormones and then [b]develop antiserums to them. (4) [b][b]采用cDNA探子来测定肽激素的这一分子生物学方法同时也应该比免疫学的方法速度来得快，因为对于免疫的方法来说，需耗费好几年枯燥的提纯进程，方能将肽素分离了出来，然后再培养出针对它们的抗血清。 [b][b]59.Nevertheless, researchers of the Pleistocene epoch have developed all [b]sorts of more or less fanciful model schemes of how they would have [b]arranged the Ice Age had they been in charge of events. (3+) [b][b]然而，研究P时代的研究者发展除了各种各样的或多或少有些奇怪思想的模型系统，用来显示如果由他们来决定地质事件的话他们将会如何安排冰川纪。 [b][b]60.This succession was based primarily on a series of deposits and events [b]not directly related to　　glacial and interglacial periods, rather　than [b]on the more usual modern method of studying biological remains found in [b]interglacial beds themselves interstratified within glacial deposits. (4) [b][b]这一序列演替（succession）所依据的，主要是一系列与冰川期和间冰期并不直接相关的地质沉积物和地质事件，而不是依据更为普遍的现代方法，去研究间冰层（interglacial bed）中所发现的生物残留物，而这些间冰层本身又在冰川沉积物发生间层化（interstatified）。 [b][b]61.There have been attempts to explain these taboos in terms of [b]inappropriate social　　relationships either between those who are involved [b]and those who are not simultaneously involved in the satisfaction of a [b]bodily need, or between those already satiated and those who appear to be [b]shamelessly gorging. (5) [b][b]人们试图对这些禁忌作出解释，所依据的要么是那些正置身于某一身体需要满足的人与那些并置身于某一身体需要之满足的人之间的，要么是那些早已酒足饭饱的人与那些正在不知羞耻地狼吞虎咽失之间的不相称的社会关系。 [b][b]62.Many critics of Family Bronte’s novel Wuthering Heights see its second [b]part as a counterpoint that comments on, if it does not reverse, the first [b]part, where a "romantic" reading receives more confirmation. (5) [b][b]研究艾米丽。勃朗特（Emily Bronte）小说《呼啸山庄》（Wuthering Heights）的许多文学评论家，将小说的第二部分视作一种对比物，即使没有将第一部分予以逆转的话，也是在对第一部分作出一种诠释评判，而在小说第一部分中，一种“浪漫的”的读解能获得更为充分的确证。 [b][b]63.Granted that the presence of these elements need not argue an authorial [b]awareness of novelistic　construction comparable to that of Henry James, [b]their presence does encourage attempts to unify the novel’s heterogeneous [b]parts. (4+) [b][b]诚然，这些因素的存在并不能证明作者对小说架构的意识可与亨利.詹姆斯（Henry James）的那种意识相比拟；然则，任何力图将小说所有形形色色的因素统一起来的做法，在某种程度上注定是无法令人信服的。 [b][b]64.This is not because such an interpretation necessarily stiffens into a [b]thesis (although rigidity in any interpretation of this or of any novel is [b]always a danger), but because Wuthering Heights has recalcitrant elements [b]of undeniable power that, ultimately, resist inclusion in an all- [b]encompassing　interpretation. (5) [b][b]这倒不是因为这样的一种解释必定会僵化成为一个命题（尽管对这部或任何一部小说的解释中，僵化死板总是一种危险），而是因为《呼啸山庄》拥有一些极难驾御的因素，以其无可辩驳的力度，最终拒绝被囿于一个囊括无遗的解释中。 [b][b]65.The isotopic composition of lead often varies from one source of common [b]copper ore to another, with variations exceeding the measurement error；and [b]preliminary studies indicate　　virtually uniform is topic composition of [b]the lead from a single copper-ore source. (4) [b][b]铅的同位素构成经常在一种普通铜矿石来源与另一种铜矿石来源之间存在差异，其差异程度超出测量误差；而最初的研究表明，对于来自单独一个铜矿石来源的铅来说，其同位素构成几乎是毫无二致的。 [b][b]66. More probable is bird transport, either externally, by accidental [b]attachment of the seeds to feathers, or internally, by the swallowing of [b]fruit and subsequent excretion of the seeds. (3+) [b][b]更有可能的是鸟类运输：或者是通过外部途径，即由于种籽偶然粘附在羽毛上；或者是通过内部方式，即由于鸟类吞食果子并随后将种籽排泄出来。 [b][b]67.A long-held view of the history of English colonies that became the [b]United States has been that England’s policy toward these colonies before [b]1763 was dictated by commercial interests and that a change to a more [b]imperial policy, dominated by expansionist militarist objectives, generated [b]the tensions that ultimately led to the American Revolution. (4+) [b][b]一个对于后来成了美国的英国殖民地的历史的长久以来的观点，认为英国在1763年以前对于这些殖民地的政策被经济利益所支配，而且认为一种向着更大程度帝国制度的政策上的转变——为扩张主义的军事目标所左右——产生了最终导致美国革命的紧张气氛。 [b][b]68.It is not known how rare this resemblance is, or whether it is most [b]often seen in inclusions of silicates such as garnet, whose crystallography [b]is generally somewhat similar to that of diamond；　　but when present, the [b]resemblance is regarded as compelling evidence that the diamonds and [b]inclusions are truly congenetic. (4) [b][b]现在尚不知这种类似稀少到何种地步，也不知道是否它最常见于象石榴石一类的硅酸盐内含物中，而这类物质的晶体结构普遍地在某种程度上类似于金刚石的晶体结构。但一旦存在，这种类似就被视作极有说服力的证据，证明金刚石与内含物确是同源的。 [b][b]69.Even the "radical" critiques of this mainstream research model, such as [b]the critique developed in Divided Society, attach the issue of ethnic [b]assimilation too mechanically to factors of economic and social　mobility [b]and are thus unable to illuminate the cultural subordination of Puerto [b]Ricans as a colonial minority. (4+) [b][b]即使是对这一主流研究模型的“激进”批评，诸如《分裂的社会》（Divided Society）一书中所提出的那种批判，亦将少数民族同化问题过分机构地与经济和社会移动性的因素联系起来，因此无从阐明波多黎各人作为一个殖民地少数民族的文化从属关系。 [b][b]70.They are called virtual particles in order to distinguish them from real [b]particles, whose lifetimes are not constrained in the same way, and which [b]can be detected. (3) [b][b]它们被称为“虚粒子”（virtual particle），以便与实粒子（real particle）区分开来，而实粒子则不会以这种方式受到制约，并且其存在可得以测定。 [b][b]71.Open acknowledgement of the existence of women’s oppression was too [b]radical for the United Stated in the fifties, and Beauvoir’s conclusion, [b]that change in women’s economic condition, though insufficient by itself, [b]“remai