托福语法只考陈述句[b] 从句都是正常语序[b] 只有主句才能倒装[b] 美国地名表达方式：城市，州[b] 虚拟语气不考；[b] in that出现即答案[b] 连字符的形容词出现就是答案[b] first划线永远对（因为first词性完备，任何词性的用法都存在）；[b] waters永远对（water做水域解，可以有复数形式）；[b] 情态动词永远对。[b] consider + n.1 + n.2 通常是答案[b] ad. + 同位语 通常对 ∵同位语前可能省略了动词[b] although 在选项中出现99%正确[b] 插入语永远对。代词95%为错。[b] consider … as 出现就错[b] self划线永远错。[b] prep. + to do必定错。[b] prep. + done必定错。[b] prep. + what + s. v. o. 一定错，改为：prep. + which + s. v. o.[b] T考中，the + a. 错 à the + n.[b] The more the n., the more the n. 优先选择[b] 改错题整句无难词，却不易懂，此时通常选D [b] 介词短语一般不作主语[b] 以下单词在考试中出现就是被动：base(be based on 以…为基础), celebrate, locate, note(be noted for因为……而著名)[b] 长宾语后置[b] 插入语结构考点的定性答案是：定从或省略的定从。[b] ___ pl. vs. 结构 空格处首选 G.[b] ___ that / who 空格处优先选强调句[b] S. vt. ___ s. v. o. 结构 空格处首选that引导的宾从[b] S. v. o. ___ n. 结构 空格处90%选定从[b] S. v. o. ___ s. v. o. 结构 空格处优先选 prep. which 和in that[b] S. v. o., n. ___ v. o. 结构 空格处首选 of + which[b] the ___ of结构 空格处只能是 n. 或 a.est[b] a/an ___ of结构 空格处只能是 C. 或 G.[b] 在填空题中，when to be / when to do 不选[b][b]（一）主句专一: 任何句子只有一个主句，句子之间必须有连词连接[b][F] S. v. o., s. v. o. ∵ 逗号不能连接两个完整句[b][T] S. v. o.; s. v. o. ∵ 分号可以连接并列句[b]（二）谓语专一: 任何句子只有一个谓语，谓动之间须有连词连接 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 17.30[b][F] V., v.[b]（三）插入语结构[b]S., ___, v. o.[b]16.3简化为：TP, ___, wrote CS.[b]注意：s., … , __ o. 空格里需填入谓语动词[b]（四）插入语类型：[b]● 完整的定语从句 4.9, 7.2[b]● n. 2.3, 10.11, 16.3[b]● a. / prep. / ppl. 短语 18.15, 6.13, 17.4, 19.11[b]e.g. Michael. Yu, native to China, founded New Oriental School.[b]（五）倒装结构总原则[b]● 只有主句才能倒装[b]● 答案的首字母是助动词，系动词或情态动词[b]● 否定副词在句首引起倒装: Not only, Not until, Seldom, Hardly, Scarcely, Rarely 10.10[b]• Not until的两种用法[b]＋ n., 倒装 ∵until is a prep.[b]＋ s. v., 倒装 ∵until is a conj. 1.13[b]● Only + 状语 在句首引起倒装[b]+ ad. + 倒装[b]+ prep. + n. + 倒装 6.5, 28.37[b]+ 状从 + 倒装[b]e.g. Only when he came home did she learned the news.[b]● ppl. 短语在句首作表语引起倒装[b]● so在句首，引起倒装[b]S. + be + so + a. + that s. v. o. = [b]So + a. + be + s. + that s. v. o.[b]e.g. The book is so funny that I love it.[b]e.g. So funny is the book that I love it.[b]• So … that vs. such … that[b]当 … 为 a. 时用 so[b]当 … 为 n. 时用 such[b]当 … 为 a. ＋ n. 时需分情况讨论[b]当 n. 为 C. 时都可[b]e.g. She is such a pretty girl that she loves Arthur.[b]e.g. She is so pretty a girl that she loves Arthur.[b]当 n. 为 Cs. 或 U. 时用such[b]e.g. Ross had such wonderful dinosaurs/fossil that he was crazy.[b]当 n. 前的 a. 为以下4个时用so: many, much, few, little[b]e.g. Ross had so many dinosaurs that he was crazy.[b]● 表地点和范围的 prep. 短语在句首且为主系表结构[b]In, At, Between, Beneath, Among, Be, Lie, Exist, Remain, Rest[b]● 在比较结构中，than后面可以倒装，也可以不倒装[b]● as在句中引起倒装[b]e.g. They looked upon that guy as a gay, as did Michael.[b]e.g. So did Micheal.[b]• 活用，也可在句首。24.38[b]（六）平行结构: 由平衡连接词连接的两个或两个以上对等对象构成[b]● 单复数不必平行，平行与否取决于客观事实和上下文[b]● 时态不必平行，但时间相同则时态相同，反之亦然[b]● 词性必须平行，但是无同义同根形容词的名词例外[b]● 结构形式的平行[b]● 语意的平行[b]（七）状从的省略[b]● 状从省略结构的三个必要条件同时满足[b]A，特殊的状从引导词: though, although, even though, when ,while, if[b]B，谓动是be动词[b]C，从句主语等于主句主语[b]● 省略方式：同时省略主语加be动词[b]● 结论：6个引导词＋a. / ppl.，往往就是答案 4.15, 4.26, 17.25, 28.25[b]（八）Which 的3种用法[b]● 单独which：关系代词，在从句中充当一主要成分故接不完整句JP67-141, 12.27, 14.30, 25.38[b]● prep. which: which作介宾，∴不在从句中充当成分，∴后面是完整句18.25[b]● perp. + which + to do也可作后置定语修饰名词，完全等于定从[b]e.g. The beaver chews down trees to get food and material with which to build its home. [b]= The beaver chews down trees to get food and material with which it builds its home.[b]● 技巧：当主句主语和从句主语一致时，可用不定式代替从句[b]● 技巧：完整句 ___ 完整句 空格处优先选 prep. which 和in that[b]形如：S. v. o. prep. which s. v. o.[b]● S. v. o., n. / num. / pron. + of which v. o.[b]• 注意：主宾后面有逗号；主句和of之间有名词[b]e.g. Xu Yi has 10 playboys, five of which are borrowed from DCX.[b]e.g. I have a house, the windows of which face south.[b]● 当先行词是人时用of whom[b]● 进一步推广：of which和of whose n.并无本质区别，因此of whose n.只是which第三种用法的变体 16.13[b]（九）定从的省略[b]● that / which作从宾时可省[b]● 定从中，主语＋be可同时省 (难题常是这种形式)[b]● 定从的特殊省略[b]• The way后常省 how或in which 5.13[b]• Time 后常省when[b]e.g. I do remember the first time I ever heard the sweetest voice in the world.[b]• Reason后常省why[b]e.g. That's the reason I don't drink.[b]（十）主从：从句是主句的一个主语；主语 ＝ 引导词 ＋ 句子[b]主v. o. —> That s. v. o. v. o. — 标准的主从 [b]（十一）宾从：从句是主句的一个宾语；宾语 ＝ 引导词 ＋ 句子 JP53-33[b]S. v. 宾 —> S. v. that s. v. o. — 标准的宾从[b]● Believe state 等及动后常考宾从 [b]即S. believe / state that s. v. o. 故在believe, state 等及动后第一反应为that[b]● 还包括如下及动：[b]Believe Indicate know say think[b]Demonstrate Estimate find hold insist[b]Learn Mean show state tell[b]其中前5个词后的that 省略了也不算错，最好不省[b]● 在名词性从句中，主、表、同位语从句的that不能省略，而宾从中的that，口语常省，书面语不宜省略[b]（十二）表从：从句是主句的一个表语；表语 ＝ 引导词 ＋ 句子[b]S. be that s. v. o. — 标准的表从[b]● 表语从句一般只考that，because出现就错[b]（十三）What 结构[b]What 在语法上有个特别的称呼 —— 缩合连接代词[b]● What = the thing that; thing 由句意决定 JP54-36, 37[b]● n. ＋ what 一定错 3.11[b]● What is now 一定对 3.16[b]● What 在前后句中必须同时作成分 JP54-38[b]● vt. __ v. ; prep. __ v. 空格中优先选择what[b]● what 引导的从句 ＝ 名词，可在主句中作主、宾、表[b]● what v. o. ＝ the thing that v. o. that引导定从，中心词是thing[b]● 既然what引导的句子等于名词，因此what只引导名词性从句。不引导副词形容词从句。JP65-88, 13.30, 17.16[b]● What little[b]• what little / few sth. = the little / few sth. that[b]e.g. JP54-39. Today what little fossil ivory remains comes from Alaska. ＝[b]Today the little fossil ivory that remains comes from Alaska.[b]（十四）In that结构[b]● In that = 位于句中的 because[b]● In that 是一个词[b]● 技巧：in that出现即答案[b]（十五）非限制性定从[b]● All the dinosaurs that are cute belong to Ross. 对比[b]● All the dinosaurs, which are cute, belong to Ross.[b]● 结论：that前不可有逗号，但是有插入语时例外。2.40[b]（十六）同位语结构 [b]● 分类 — 主同和宾同 [b]● 作用 — 对主语或宾语进行解释说明[b]● 词性 — 名词[b]● 主同的三种位置[b]• s., n., v. o.[b]e.g. Michael, a GRE expert, has a dream of founding the Harvard of China .[b]• n., s. v. o.[b]e.g. A GRE expert, Michael loves his family.[b]• n. s. v. o. 7.36, JP55-46[b]• 在语法上同位语也分限制性和非限制性。限制性没有逗号，关系紧密。[b]e.g. The term "dinosaur" refers to…[b]e.g. The metal copper is very useful. [b]e.g. The dye Sudan red should not be added to food[b]• 技巧：划掉同位语，只看主语[b]• 技巧：根据主同确定主语[b]● 宾同的两种位置[b]• S. v. o., n.[b]• 结论：位于句尾的孤立名词必为宾同[b]• S. v. n. o.[b]• I hate the dye Sudan red. 对比[b]• The dye Sudan red should not be added to food.[b]• 注意：长同位语可后置[b]（十七）宾从 vs. 同位从[b]宾从 同位从[b]that 是代词性 + 非完整句 that 是非代词性 + 完整句[b]从句对先行词是修饰限制关系 从句对先行词是解释说明关系[b]先行词无限制 先行词常是表事实的抽象名词[b]● 常接同位从的先行词：[b]Belief conclusion decision discovery doubt[b]evidence explanation fact hope idea[b]news observation opinion rumor statement[b]thought truth [b]● science后面不可能接同位语，因为科学很难用一句话解释清楚 [J54-34][b]（十八）从句引导词[b]● [F] Whose + direct v. ∵whose 是所有格，其后必为名词[b]● [F] When + single n. ∵when 不能作句子主干[b]● [F] Where + single n. ∵where 不能作句子主干[b]● 从句内不可有与引导词重复者[b][F] what + n. ∵what = the thing that[b]● 从句内部语序正常，除了as, than引导的比较结构[b]● who 与 whom 已无明显的主宾格限定区别，可互换，但在介词后的引导词只能用whom[b][F] prep. + who  prep. + whom[b]● that vs. which[b]● 指物可互换；指人用that；介词只与which配；关系紧密是that；看到逗号想which；但要小心插入语[b]（十九）宾补结构[b]● [F] We appointed Arthur. 对比[b]● [T] We killed Arthur. [b]● [F] Arthur was appointed 对比[b]● [T] Arthur was killed.[b]● make + o. ＋ op. 结构[b]• make + n.1 + n.2[b]e.g. make the boy president[b]president:总统;总裁; 长官, 大臣; 议长;院长; 庭长;校长; 院长;会长, 社长; 主席;行长; 董事长; 总经理[b]• make + n. + a.[b]e.g. make the animal unique[b]e.g. make it unique[b]• make it possible to do sth. JP56-55[b]• make it possible that s. v. o. 4.10[b]• make sth. possible & make possible sth. 长的在后 JP56-52, 54, 22.14[b] possible 还可换成其他类似形容词，如visible, capable[b] possible 与宾语之间不能再有其他成分[b]● consider + o. ＋ op. 结构 JP55-46[b]• sb consider + n.1 + a. / n.2[b]• n.1 be considered n.2[b]• 技巧：consider n.1 n.2 通常是答案[b]• 注意：consider … as 出现就错[b]• regard, view 常与 as 相关[b]● elect + o. ＋ op. 结构[b]• sb. / sth. + elect + sb. + 职务[b]• sb. be elected 职务[b]• sb. be elected to 机构[b]• sb. be elected to the office of 职务 1.14[b]• 注意：select 往往接 as 27.12[b]● call + o. ＋ op. 结构[b]e.g. We call him Laden. [b]e.g. He was called Laden.[b]● name + o. ＋ op. 结构[b]• sb. / sth. name sb. sth.[b]• sb. be named sth.[b]• e.g. Mr.Huang was named one of the ten most outstanding boys in Guangdong.[b]● bring的用法[b]• bring sth. to sb. / sw. = bring to sw. sth.[b]• bring sth. together = bring together sth. — 使团结，使和解[b]• bring sth. to light = bring to light sth. — 发现 JP56-53[b]（二十）双宾语结构 [b]● Sth. win / gain / earn sb. sth. 10.12, JP59-80[b]● Sth. give / grant sth. sth. JP60-81[b]● Sb. persuade / tell sb. that s. v. o. (宾从) 5.15, 3.26[b]（二十一）双宾语和宾补结构的区别[b]● 关键：宾补对宾语进行补充说明[b]● 技巧：宾补是对宾语进行补充说明 [b]e.g. I bring Michael a girl. 双宾[b]e.g. Arthur made his wife a scarf. 双宾[b]（二十二）逻主结构[b]● Finding the increase of his weight, LXL felt very angry.[b]● find是动词，其动作的发出者或者承受者，即为逻主[b]● 逻主与主句主语一致，故可以根据逻主判断主句主语[b]● ∴ = (LXL) finding the increase of his weight, LXL got very angry.[b]● 当逻主与主句主语不一致则须写出来[b]● n.1 ＋ doing / done / prep. 短语 …, n.2 v. o. 即为独立主格 JP57-56, 57[b]e.g. Weather permitting, we'll go on a picnic tomorrow.[b]e.g. This done, we went home. 14.15[b]● ___ doing / done … , s. v. o. ∵ppl.前可有状从引导词, ∴空格处可以是：although, though, even though, when, while, if. 即：状从的省略[见（七）][b]● inf. 前不可有状从引导词 JP65-108[b]● 技巧：when to do / be 一定错 ∵在一起只有名词性，不能作状 [b]（二十三）形容词的并列结构[b]● [T] an old red car[b]● [F] a red old car [b]● 限定词 ＋ num. ＋ a. ＋ n.[b]● my two funny books[b]● adj. 顺序：主观品质 / 形状大小长短 / 新旧老少 / 颜色国籍 / 材料[b]e.g. Tom's two beautiful tall young Chinese girls[b]● 逗号可以连接两个形容词，并且使它们关系并列[b]● 技巧：连字符的形容词出现就是答案[b]（二十四）the more ... the more ... 结构[b]● 对称性 — 结构对称[b]e.g. The lower ___ in a room, the more slowly our eyes focus. [10-8][b](A) the level of lighting (B) light level (answer: A)[b]● 省略性 — 相同的谓语可省，尤其是 be 常省，不同的 be 亦可省 JP57-61, 10.8[b]● 倒装性 — 只第二个the more 后面才可倒装 ∵前从句后主句 JP57-62[b]● 注意：the more 结构中的名词通常特指[b]● 技巧：The more the n., the more the n. 优先选择[b]（二十五）比较结构 （与上一条极相似，一起记）[b]● 对称性 — 结构对称[b]● 选择: that / those / one / ones — 泛指[b]● 不选: them / it — 特指 JP58-64 65[b]● 省略性 — 相同的谓语可省，尤其是 be 常省[b]e.g. He is taller than I (am)[b]● 倒装性 — than后可倒装可不倒装，一般都倒[b]（二十六）形容词最高级的省略[b]● the + a.est( + n.) + of + pl. n.必须省，否则与 pl. 重复 [b] the + a.est + of + pl. 4.8[b]● 规律：the ___ of 之间可以是 n. 和 a.est 13.22 13.24 19.25 [b]● 技巧：a ___ of 之间只能是C. 7.39[b]● 技巧：T考中，the + a. 错  the + n.[b]（二十七）doing结构[b]● Starving troops is forbidden. 使军队饥饿的行为是被禁止的[b]● Starving troops are forbidden. 饥饿的军队是被禁止的[b]● 技巧：___ pl. vs. 结构 优先选doing[b]● G. 不接宾时相当于纯粹的名词，用a.修饰 12.36[b]● G. 接 n. 时，往往强调其动作性，用 ad. 修饰 27.20[b]● G. + n. vs. ppl. + n.[b]• G. + n. 为动宾短语，中心词是 G.，翻译为 …的行为[b]• ppl. + n. 为定中短语，中心词是 n.，翻译为 …的[b]（二十八）形容词短语作后置定语的形式[b]● a. + prep. + n. 形容词短语。[b]● a.-er + than + n. 7.3[b]● 注意：非短语不后置[b]● [T] a boy good at games[b]● [F] a boy good at school[b]（二十九）规则动词的过去分词作后定[b]● 任何一个v.-ed 如: n. called ...[b]● 记住：过去分词作后置定语相当于which be的省略，即被动[b]e.g. A boy (who is )called Bush was elected President.[b]e.g. We called the boy Bush.[b]● 碰见任何n. ＋ Ved，先从逻辑上判断他们的主被动关系，如是主动则是过去式，是谓语，保留；如是被动则是分词，是非谓语，是后置定语，划掉[b]（三十）不规则动词的过去式和过去分词 19.21[b]● cast, cost, set, spread，cut。。。 划线慎选 ∵过去式过去分词同形[b]同时注意过去分词和过去式不规则的词[b]（三十一）it 的用法[b]● 选主谓优先选: there be[b]● 不选: it is / they are[b]● 强调句[b]• It is / was + 被强调部分 + that / who + 其他[b]• 被强调部分 + 其他 = 符合逻辑与语法的完整句[b]• 被强调部分可以是：主、宾、状；不能是：谓、定[b]• 被强调部分是人时，用that, who 均可；其余只能用 that[b]• be 动词只能是 is 或 was[b]• 技巧：___ that / who 空格处优先选强调句[b]● 形式主语 12.25[b]● it be 只在强调句和形式主语句中位于句首[b]（三十二）三句子结构[b]● 两个句子必须有一个连词，三个句子两个连词[b]• S. v. o., but s. v. o. — 连接两个简单句[b]● 两个连词可以在一起[b]• S. v. o., but when s. v. o., s. v. o. — 连接简单句和复合句[b]● 技巧：把有连词的句子划掉 JP60-86[b]（三十三）词性混用 JP61-1~21[b]● 表语只能是 a.、ppl.、具体名词；不能是 ad.、v.、抽象名词 JP61-1~3[b]● 结论：抽象名词不作表语[b][F] I am hunger.[b][T] I am a hunger. [b][T] I am hungry.[b][F] The book is no use.[b][T] The book is of no use.[b][T] The book is not useful.[b][T] The book has no use.[b]● of + n. 相当于a. 20.34[b]● 辨析(重点): have + n. vs. be + a. 12.23, 23.36, 25.39[b]● 表语唯一 JP61-4[b][b]● 作宾语时 n. 与 G. 的混用[b]• 同义的n. 优先，不同义的根据意思判断 JP61-5, 10.35[b]e.g. functioning 经营运作 function 功能[b] reasoning 推理 reason 原因[b] gambling 赌钱 gamble 赌博[b]• n. 与 G. 的区别[b]G. 可接宾语而n.不能 JP61-6[b]G. 前加the相当于纯粹n.，此时不可再接宾语而常接of JP61-7[b][b]● conj. 与近义 prep., ad., a. 的混用[b]• when / while vs. in / during “当…时候” 前连后介 JP61-8~10, 9.39[b]when / while + n.  during / in + n.[b]during / in + s. v. o.  When / while + s. v. o. JP67-139[b]• although / though vs. despite / in spite of “虽然” 前连后介[b]although / though + n.  in spite of / despite + n.[b]in spite of / despite + s. v. o.  although / though + s.v.o. JP67-138[b]• despite of 错[b]• even though vs. even “即使” 前连后副[b]even + s. v. o.  even though + s. v. o. JP67-140[b]• as vs. similar “像…一样” 前连后形 13.31 [b]• and vs. also / besides “和，此外” 前连后副 JP61-11[b]S. v. o. + similar / besides + s. v. o.  S. v. o. + as / and + s. v. o.[b]• or vs. else “或者，其他” 前连后副 JP61-12[b]• but vs. instead “但是，而不是” 前连后副 JP61-13[b]并列1 + also/ else/ instead + 并列2 并列1 + and/ or/ but + 并列2[b]• after vs. afterward “之后” 前连后副[b]• up vs. upward “向上” 前介后形[b]• [F] a + minimal/ various/ numerous/ diverse + of[b] a + minimum/ variety/ number/ diversity + of[b][b]● 同根名词的混用 JP61-14, 15[b]Archaeologist 考古学家 archaeology 考古学 1.8[b]Composer 作(曲)家 composition 作文 J61-15[b]Editor 编辑 editorial 社论 J61-14[b]Engineer 工程师 engineering 工程学 [b]Innovator 革新者 innovation 改革 5.31[b] innovative 创新的 [b][b]● a. vs. ad.[b]• a. 修饰 n. ; ad. 修饰 n. 的补集[b]• 关键：分清楚修饰关系 JP61-18, 19[b]• 技巧：ad. ＋ 同位语 n. 通常对[b]● a. + a. + n. vs. ad. + a. + n.[b]• a. + a. + n. 中 两个 a. 都修饰 n.[b]• ad. + a. + n. 中 ad. 修饰 a. ；a. 修饰 n.[b][F] a frequent pretty girl  a frequently pretty girl ∵frequently修饰 pretty[b][F] a cutely tall boy  a cute tall boy ∵cute 修饰boy[b]● num. + ad. + n. vs. ad. + num. + n.[b]• ad. + num. + n. 中 ad. 修饰num.；num. 修饰 n. JP61-21[b]e.g. about 200 students[b]• num. + ad. + n. 违背修饰法则，错误。[b]例外：among 60 percent of the space[b]● num. + a. + n. vs. a. + num. + n.[b]• ∵ 限定词(art. pron.) -> num. -> a. -> n. ∴ num. + a. + n. 对[b][T] two diligent students[b][F] diligent two students[b]（三十四）名词 [b]● 名作定必单 JP62-26, 7.39[b]e.g. paper tiger , color monitor , master of business administration[b]● 名作定不单之例外：[b]a greetings card a savings bank a sales girl[b]a communications satellite a cities bank a sports car[b]a systems engineering [b]以上修名+s，男人女人随主变。[JP62-27]：a man/woman boxer, two men/women boxers[b]● 作定时，同义的a. 优先于n. JP61-16, 23[b]● 当表示 n. 的材料内容时，用 n. 修饰 n.[b]e.g. beauty contest , stone table , world trade organization (WTO)[b]● 当无同义同根 a. 时,用 n. 修饰 n. 14.7[b]e.g. city planning , student union[b]● 改错策略：碰见 n. + n.，先看其余三，若都没问题，再判n. + n.，修饰关系用单数，介词缺失插中间[见（三十七）]。 JP61-24, 25[b][b]● every / each + C.[b]● (a) few / many + Cs.[b]● (a) little / much + U. JP62-29, 30[b]● some / any / all + C./ Cs./ U. JP62-28, 31, 32, 33[b][F] as many as 50 percent of the income  much ∵ income 是 U.[b][T] as much as 2000 kilometers ∵ 2000 kilometers 是一个整体概念[b][F] each major styles  style ∵ each 修style用单数[b][T] every ten boys ∵ every 修ten; ten 修boys[b]● few, little, many, much, some, any, each, most, all 都可作pron. ; every 不可以。∴every不能单独作主/宾，必须有被修饰词 JP62-40[b][b]● another + C. vs. other + Cs. JP62-34[b]● any other + C. vs. any other of the + Cs.[b][T] Another two girls go to Harvard ∵ another 修two；two 修girls[b]● numerous / diverse / various / several + pl. JP62-35[b][F] several setting  several settings[b]● one of / each of / among + pl. JP62-36[b][F] Canada has one of the lowest population density in the world.  densities[b][b]● a number of + Cs. + V. JP62-37[b]● the number of + Cs. + Vs. JP62-38[b][b]● first + C. vs. first + Cs. 前表“第一个”，后表“第一批”[b]● only + C. vs. only + Cs. 前表“唯一的”，后表“排他的”[b]● single + C. 只能接单数，“独一无二的”[b][T] the first man[b][T] the first men[b][T] the only man[b][T] the only men 14.30[b][T] two single rooms ∵ single room 表“单人间”，看成一个词[b][b]● 常考名词[b]advertising clothing equipment evidence foliage[b]furniture health homework information jewelry[b]knowledge luggage machinery poetry scenery[b]weaponry [b][b]● 常考不可数名词[b]• 两个总原则：有无单复数概念；抽象或具体[b]• 流体不可数[b]water blood milk smoke air[b]• 抽象名词不可数[b]knowledge wisdom time love [b]• 食品不可数[b]food bread fruit rice sugar[b]butter salt cheese [b]• 原材料不可数[b]glass gold coal wood wool[b]• 总称名词不可数 常以 –ry 结尾[b]• 学科名词不可数 常以 -cs, -gy, -phy 结尾[b]economics genetics mathematics mechanics physics[b]politics statistics biology geology geography[b]philosophy chemistry history [b]• 疾病不可数[b]measles mumps diabetes [b][b]● 单复数同形的词[b]aircraft spacecraft -craft means series[b]species bison deer sheep fish[b]carp trout 所有鱼 [b][b]● 可数名词 JP73[b]amount animal audience automobile change[b]cloud clue device discovery effect[b]effort element emotion fashion feature[b]function herb human (being) influence insect[b]kind mammal metal mineral number[b]origin picture pioneer plant population[b]purpose quantity reason (re)source response[b]result shrub star structure style[b]substance system tree type variety[b][b]● 单复数有差异的词[b]arm(手臂) – arms(武器) custom(习俗) – customs(关税)[b]force(力量) – forces(军队) good(好处) – goods(货物)[b]part(部分) – parts(才华) mean(中庸) – means(手段，才富)[b]water(水) – waters(水域) spectacle(景观) – spectacles(眼睛)[b][F] waters currents  water currents 水流[b][b]● 既可数又不可数[b]• 规律: 不可数名词表种类时可数 JP62-31[b][b]● 可数 vs. 不可数[b]advertisement ∵ 具体名词 有单复数概念 ∴ 可数[b]advertising ∵ 抽象名词 无单复数概念 ∴ 不可数[b]information ∵ 抽象名词 无单复数概念 ∴ 不可数[b]message ∵ 具体名词 有单复数概念 ∴ 可数[b]（三十五）冠词[b]● 不定冠词：a, an[b]• a, an 划线 80% 错[b]• a 与 an 的选择：由最接近冠词的词的元音决定[b][T] an apple[b][F] an big apple  a big apple[b]a + unit / understanding[b]an + hour / honest / herb[b]• a 与 pl. 的矛盾 JP62-40 41[b]• 固定词组a的遗漏(常考) JP62-42, 11.31[b]a collection / set / kind / variety / wealth / series / group of[b]• 单数可数名词之前必须有限定词（此处多出压轴题）：冠词、不定代词、指示代词、所有格 JP62-43, 44, 4.28, 5.26, 9.38, 9.40, 11.34, 14.29, 16.39, 19.21, 19.29, 24.39[b]e.g. It’s a / some / this / his book.[b][F] That's one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind.  for a man[b] 例外1：parts ＝ part ＝ a part[b]结论：part不错 JP62-45[b][T] other part[b] 例外2：独一无二的称呼可单独使用[b]e.g. President, chairman, chief, founder, son[b] 例外3：in + n. 表示在某一方面/行业/领域[b]e.g. in nuclear physics, in medical science[b]e.g. in size / shape / color[b]e.g. in stage 在舞台领域 vs. on stage 在舞台上[b] 例外4：表示种类的词后面单数可是名词可以单独使用[b][T] each category of shoe ∵ 类似 a kind / sort / type of shoe[b]e.g. a kind of car ; a type of cloud ; a sort of tool ; a species of animal[b] 例外5：既可数也不可数的词[b]e.g. life: his life ; their lives ; the value of life[b] 例外6：以下词组中的词[b]in response to ; from year to year ; from head to foot ; go to school ; on earth[b][b]● 定冠词 (the)[b]• 与单数，复数，不可数无关；只和是否特指有关[b]• 独一无二的事物须加the[b]e.g. the sun, the moon, the Summer Palace, the Great Wall, the atmosphere 大气层[b]e.g. (the ) earth — 一般作“宇宙中的星球”时不加the；作“人类生存的地球，土地”时加the[b][b]• 形容词最高级只有做前置定语修饰名词才加the，作后置定语和表语时不加the[b][F] China is to be one of most important countries in the world.  the most[b][T] Pandas are most plentiful in China[b]• 序数词只有做前置定语修饰名词才加the 1.39[b][T] Utah ranks first among the states.[b]• 河流海洋通常加the JP63-48[b]e.g. the Bering Sea, the Changjiang River, the Huanghe River[b][F] winds from Atlantic Ocean  the Atlantic Ocean[b]• beginning, end, rest, same, only常和the连用，前三个词还可用复数 JP62-47[b][F] 2004.5: rest of the solar system  the rest[b]• 人体: the human body JP63-63[b][F] While studying the chemistry of human body, Dr. Rosalyn Yalow won a Nobel Prize for the research she conducted on the role of hormones.  the human body[b]• 乐器前加the；但音译词除外[b][T] play the piano[b][T] 10 dollars[b][T] play erhu ∵ erhu - 二胡，音译词[b][T] 10 yuan ∵ yuan - 元，音译词[b]• 表示特指事物常加the JP63-51, 52, 53[b] 判断依据: 此时的名词通常有介短( of + n. 尤为常见)或者定从修饰[b] 注意: 并非有介短或定从修饰一定就加the[b]e.g. [T] the picture on page 2 第二页只有一幅画[b][T] a picture on page 2 第二页不止一幅画[b] 是否加the根本还在具体语境 6.37 12.40 14.40[b]• most与the的关系 JP63-54, 55[b] most 是ad., 修 ad. / a., 表最高级 the +[b] most 是a., 修 n., 表“大多数的” !+ the[b] most 是pron., 表“大多数” + the 形如：most of the n.[b] most 是ad., 表“及其, 非常”, =very !+ the[b] most vs. mostly 副词性时[b]“最; 非常” + ad. / a. vs. v. + “主要地” + prep.[b]most 修 ad. / a.; mostly 修 v. / prep.[b]great vs. greatly 副词性时 JP61-24[b]get along great with sb. great + prep.[b]the great big tree great + a.[b]the Great Leap Forward [b]greatly discerning and apprehending greatly + a.[b]be greatly surprised v. + greatly + a.[b]to desire greatly v. + greatly[b] most vs. most of[b]泛指用most，特指用most of[b]e.g. most ballet dancers 泛指 [b] most of tom's books most of those books 特指[b] most of North America most of us 特指[b]e.g. It’s most annoying that most ( of the ) students study English mostly for a better future but not look on it as the most interesting thing. 令人非常气恼的是大多数学生学习英语主要是为了一个更好的前途而不是把它当成一件最有意思的事情[b]• 表示数量的词接of后面需特指[b]e.g. seven, each, every, either, both, many, much, most, all[b]• 修饰名词表特指的词 21.40, 24.13, 26.6, 26.21[b]定冠词 the[b]指示代词 those these[b]所有格 his her[b][b]● 零冠词 JP63-48[b]• 城市 州 国家 — 是指作为具体概念时[b]e.g. in Beijing, in Alaska, in Paris[b]e.g. in the city of Paris, a state in North America, a country of Asia[b]• 当国家名以联合名词表达时例外[b]e.g. the United States, the United Kingdom[b]• 当国家作形容词时[b]e.g. [T] a United States boy 一个美国男孩[b]• 物质名词, 学科名词, 不可数名词前通常无冠词 JP63-49, 50[b]e.g. copper, rain, snow[b]e.g. nature, history, mathematics[b]e.g. oxygen, air, tea, gold[b]• 但是, 物质名词, 学科名词特指时可以有冠词[b]e.g. the air in the room, in the nature of earth, in the history of NOS 表特指[b]a heavy rain, a light snow 表“一阵、一场、一种”[b]（三十六）代词[b]● 代词的六种形式[b]• I, me, my, mine, myself, self[b]• 技巧: self划线永远错, 改为反身代词. ∵ Self n. 自我, 本我, 本心[b][b]● 名词前用所有格; 但双宾语、宾补例外[b]• e.g. His studies in biology won him prizes.[b][b]● 反身代词: 反身代词与所在句子主语一致 JP63-56, 14.23[b]Arthur killed him.[b]Arthur killed himself.[b]Arthur loves him.[b]Arthur loves himself.[b][b]（三十七）介词[b]● of 的缺失与错用[b]• n1. + (…) + n2. 结构，…为n2的修饰成分，是干扰项，去掉后变成两个名词相连，此时通常是特指关系却遗漏了介词，通常是of。若没有修饰成分，而两名词又不能形成修饰关系，则也属介词缺失。JP64-71, 78, 15-35, 18-37[b]• n1. + of + n2. 表所属关系 people of Beijing 北京人 11-29[b]• n1. + to + n2. 表方向 people to Beijing 去北京的人[b]• n1. + in + n2. 表范围 people in Beijing 在北京的人[b]• 表年龄、高度、宽度、深度等的形容词前面是具体数量时，不用介词 JP64-74[b]● between vs. among[b]• 通则：两事物的比较用between，两个以上事物的比较用among[b]• 注意：当比较项只能发生在两者之间时，被比事物不管是几个都用between[b][T] the distance between the twins ∵distance, weight 等词发生于两两比较[b]● in / inside / into[b]• in 和 inside 表静态，无方向性；into 表动态，有方向性[b]e.g. the air in the room[b] shoot the arrow into the sky[b]● through vs. throughout[b]through ① “穿过”具体事物 wave ~ the earth[b] ② “通过”具体方式 JP64-73[b]throughout ① +时间 表“贯穿” ~ his life[b] ② +地点 表“遍布” JP64-72[b]● in / for / since[b]in +过去时间，用于过去时 [b] +一段时间，用于现在/将来/完成时 [b]for 作并列连词≈because，与其更弱，不放句首 T考中并列连词均不放句首[b] 作介词 + 一段时间，用于过去/完成时 JP65-94[b]since 作连词≈because，可放句首 [b] 作介词 + 一点时刻，用于完成时 [b] 作副词，“从…时候开始”，一般用于完成时 JP64-75, 76[b]（三十八）动词[b]● 主谓一致[b]• 谓语随前一致的标志词： JP64-85[b]with along with company with together with[b]of as well as rather than [b]• 一般：n1. + prep. + n2. 结构 谓语由n1决定，因为n2作介宾，故不再在句子主干中作成分[b]• 特例：n1. + prep. + n2. + which 结构的定从[见（八）]，先行词既可能是 n1. 也可能是 n2.，需视句意而定[b]• 就近一致的标志词：or either or neither nor JP64-84[b]e.g. He or I am …[b] Was he or I …[b]• 随后一致的标志词：not A but B not only A but also B 谓语随B[b]• 百分比结构： JP64-87, 88[b]n1. + of + n2. 结构中 当 n1. 是表示一部分或百分比概念的词时，谓语随n2.，这样的n1. 包括：half majority much percent some 1/3 3/4 等等等等[b]• 注意：one of the ns. + vs. 此结构谓动用单数，因为 one 已指明了是其中的一个[b]• 主从、动名词、不定式作主语时，谓动用单数[b]• s1. + and + s2. 结构中 一般谓动用复数，不管 s. 是 C. 还是 U.，是 n. 还是 inf. JP64-86[b]• 例外：当 s1. + and + s2. 表示同一事物或不可分割之事物时，谓动用单数 28.38[b]e.g. [T] a lawyer and a teacher + v. ∵主语是两个人，一个老师一个律师[b] [T] a lawyer and teacher + vs. ∵主语是一个人，既是老师又是律师[b] [T] knife and fork + vs. ∵刀叉是成套使用[b] [T] To love and to be loved is a lasting thing. ∵爱与被爱同一个主题[b]• 倒装句中的主谓一致：谓动与其后的真正主语一致 [ 倒装句见（五）] JP64-89, 90, 91[b]e.g. there + be + s. 结构中 真正的主语在 be 后，因此 be 随 s.[b]• 表数值概念的主语 + vs. ∵距离、时间、长度、金钱等数值概念通常是不可数概念[b]e.g. a day or two + vs. [b]• the + adj. 作主语 表示“一类人”，谓语用复数；表示抽象概念，谓语用单数[b]e.g. [T] The poor are always happy. ∵poor 指“穷人”[b] [T] The good is always a trap. ∵good 指“美好的东西” 是抽象概念[b]• 主谓一致与插入语无关，插入语实际是省略了 which be 的定从，与主句无关 JP64-83[b][b]● 时态和语态[b]• T考常考时态：一般现在，一般过去，现在完成 JP65-92~95[b]• 被动语态的判别依据：[b]• 标志词by JP64-79~82[b]• 句意 64-77, 87, 101, 114[b]• 动词的固定用法[b]常考主动态表被动意的词 measure prove seem weigh[b]常考被动态的词 base compare concern locate [b]情感动词的使动用法 annoy Move please 100 surprise[b]主动 = 被动的词 face JP65-99 hatch [b]e.g. He proves (to be) a doctor. JP65-97[b] The leg measures 10 inches.[b] It seems strange.[b] be compared with /to be dedicated to (doing) sth.[b] be located + prep. JP65-98 be known as /to /for[b] The book is dedicated to the four most wonderful women in my life.[b] The movie is so moving, and I was so moved.[b] be faced with sth. = face sth.[b] The chicken hatched this morning. = The chicken were hatched this morning.[b][b]● 非谓语动词[b]• 现在分词 和 过去分词 JP65-97, 102, 103, 105, 106, 1.15[b] 现在分词 过去分词[b]作前定 vt. 表主动；vi 表正在进行 vt. 表被动；vi 表已经完成[b]作后定 分词还原作从句谓语 是定从的主系省略，加上直接还原[b]作状语 表主动 表被动[b]• + doing 的动词 JP65-104, JP72[b]avoid celebrate Consider be capable of[b]delay enjoy Escape be skilled/skillful at/in[b]finish forgive give up have a hard/difficult time (in)[b]keep (on) mind Quit have difficult/trouble (in)[b]spend succeed in Suggest keep/prevent from[b]tolerate [b][b]• 不定式[b]• 不定式的省略[b] help — 该词后不定式的 to 可留可不留 JP65-107, 8.12[b]e.g. [T] help sb. (to) do sth.[b] [T] help (to) do sth.[b] 使役动词 + 不定式省略 to JP65-108[b]bid have let make + sb. do sth.[b] 感官动词 + 不定式省略 to 表过程[b] 感官动词 + doing sth. 表正在进行[b]feel hear notice see + sb. do sth.[b]touch watch 或 + sb. doing[b][b]• 不定式的固定用法[b] 表“允许、迫使”的动词 + inf. JP65-109[b]allow cause enable force permit[b] 表示“倾向性”的动词+ inf. JP66-112[b]attempt [b] inf. 作表语，主语是表“目的”的词 JP66-110, 111[b]aim function goal + be + to do[b]intention premise purpose [b] 表示“名次”的词 + inf. [b]e.g. the first man to do sth.[b] the second man to do sth.[b] 表示“努力”的词 + inf. JP66-113[b]try effort + to. do sth.[b][b]• 不定式的其他用法 JP74[b] inf. 的将来式：表示已安排好或预计要发生的事情，属将来时态范畴[b]主动： be to do； 被动：be to be done[b] inf. 的完成式：表示 inf. 的动作在谓动之前发生[b]主动： to have done； 被动：to have been done[b] easy, difficult, simple, hard 形容词后的 inf. 主动式表被动。若换成以上词的副词则无此省略形式，被动式要写出来 JP66-114, 8.14[b]e.g. This plan is difficult to carry out.[b][b]（三十九）形容词[b]● 修饰比较级的词 JP66-117, 118[b]a bit a little a slightly 表“超过一点”[b]a lot far much 表“超过许多”[b]even still 表“语气强调”[b]• 不能修饰比较级的词：a tiny very（修饰原级） [b]• 不能修饰原级的词：much JP66-119, 15.39[b]• 看到 than 下意识往前找比较级，看到比较级下意识往后找 than JP66-116[b]● 倍数表达法[b]• 倍数 + as + adj. + as[b]e.g. Tom’s age is 3 times as old as Jerry(’s age).[b] The cave is 3 times as deep as the house is high.[b]• 倍数 + 比较级 + than[b]e.g. Tom is twice older than Jerry.[b]• 倍数 + n. + of n. 是比较项 JP66-120[b]e.g. Tome is 3 times the age of Jerry.[b]• 倍数 + that / those + of 当比较项已出现，则后用代词指代避免重复[b]e.g. Tom’s age is 3 times that of Jerry.[b]● 最高级与 the 的关系[b]• 最高级作前置定语修饰名词才加 the JP66-120, 121[b]• earliest — 长得像最高级，但却可做原级，意为“远古的，很早的” JP66-122[b]• 所有格可以代替 the 修饰最高级 JP66-123[b]• 双音节以上a. 或ad. 的比较级和最高级不用-er, -est，而是前加more, most JP66-115[b]● 词序位置 JP66-124~129[b]• 以 a- 开头的形容词不作前定，只作后定和表语[b]• 修饰由 any, every, no, some组成的复合不定代词时，形容词后置[b]• 形容词词组一般后置[b]• 副词修饰形容词一般前置 JP66-126[b]• enough 副词修饰形容词要后置 JP66-127[b]• 长词序的排列是：限定词 + 最高级 + ad. + a. & ppl. + n. JP66-128, 129[b]（四十）句子成分重复或缺失 JP66-130~137[b][b][b]s. 主语 n. 名词 vt. 及物动词[b]v. 谓语 pl. 名词复数 vi. 不及物动词[b]vs. 谓语单数 C. 可数单数 G. 动名词[b]o. 宾语 Cs. 可数复数 inf. 不定式[b]op. 宾语补语 U. 不可数 ppl. 分词[b]od. 直接宾语 num. 数词 conj. 连词[b]oi. 间接宾语 a./adj. 形容词 prep. 介词[b][T] 正确 ad. 副词 ∵ 因为[b][F] 错误 a.-er 比较级 ∴ 所以[b]e.g. 举例 a.est 最高级  改成[b]vs. 对比 JP50-1 讲义50页第1题 12-3 教程12套第3题[b]!+ 不能加 [b][b][img]http://bbs.gter.net/bbs/images/attachicons/msoffice.gif[/img] 附件: [新东方刘述语法笔记] [url=http://bbs.gter.net/bbs/attachment.php?aid=38422]刘述语法笔记.doc[/url] (320.5 K)[b][b][url=http://bbs.gter.net/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=332694]http://bbs.gter.net/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=332694[/url]