所提的建议和想法只是从暑假帮朋友们改作文时候，萌发的，仅仅供大家参考。1.审题，尽全力将你想表达的表达清楚：[b][b] 我在帮原来一些朋友改作文的时候，感觉他们认为，首先观点要新，其次，就是写GRE作文的时候，让让别人感觉你很强，就是用很多从句和比较长的单词。我觉得，在我改的很多作文中，这好像是个规律似的，由于语法基础不扎实，很多朋友喜欢“从句套从句”，涟漪向前表达，关键是很多朋友的从句表达语法上是不能接受的。记得，暑假改了一个th学材料的同学的ISSUE，他从头到尾都是从句，表面上给人看，真是很有水平的作文，我仔细看了一下，惊人啊，里面没有一个句子是对的！我觉得，如果写不好长句，不如就用短句和中长句，这也可以让READER感觉你的句式富有变化。关于词汇，很多朋友背的“红宝”上只有中文意思，很少有例句，在写的时候，就直接用中文意思去套，这会给READER非常AWKWARD的感觉，影响READER对你作文的理解，甚至对意思表达有歪曲作用。不如，我们大胆建议一下，你在准备GRE作文时候，记忆词汇不要以红宝为主，将《英语专业全程通用词汇表》上面出现的单词和用法（1，3000），对照朗文或牛津上面相应的例句记忆一下，效果会不会更好一些？在记忆的同时，还可以将自己掌握不牢固的单词用法和拼法强化一下，比如excitement很多同学写成excitment,pronunciation写成pronounciation，cannot写成can not等等。[b][b]2.尽量减少让操本族语者的READER读不懂的中式英语。[b][b] 我个人强烈建议大家，准备作文之前，看看下面这段文章（第二次贴，选自马 衰：《标准英语写作》，北京大学出版社，2002年）：[b][b]§1 句子的逻辑性[b][b]1. 逻辑清晰的句子[b][b] 逻辑清晰的句子就是有思想、有内容、不罗嗦、不沉重的句子。每部著作要有中心观点(major argument),每篇文章都要有中心思想(main-idea)，每节文章或每个段落要有主题句(topic sentence),而每个句子则要围绕中心思想和主题句来表达，避免离题和重复的用词。有逻辑思想并不是说每句话都要有逻辑推理，而是说每句话都要有表达一个有意义有价值的思想。我们必须区分两类句子：一类是表达事实(fact),另一类表达思想(idea)。事实指简单的众所周知的事情(common sence),或叙述一件新闻和一个故事。思想指代表个人对某专题的立场、观点和看法(即idea, opinion, argument, attitude, stand, view等)。[b][b] 下面举一些思想逻辑性不强的句子加以改正：[b](1) From birth to death, time is limited for all of us, so we should make good use of it.[b]Life is short. One should lead a meaningful life by making good use of time.[b](2) Everyone dreams of attaining success in his career. However, the way to success is not a smooth one.[b]To be successful in career calls for sustained effort and persistence.[b](3) Failure is quite a common thing in our life.[b]No success is achieved without failure./ Failure is inevitable on the way to success.[b](4) Friends are of great importance to all of us.[b]We depend on friends for success in life and career.[b](5) People’s opinion about whether pets are good for people vary form person to person.[b]Keeping pets in the neighborhood has aroused increasing concerns in society.[b](6) Thrifty people take great care not to waste anything when they are doing things and not to waste any money when they are spending it.[b]Some people still tend to be thrifty, though they have plenty of money, while the concept of thrifty is foreign to others.[b](7) Praise is very useful and important to a person. When a person has done something good and is praised, he feels good.[b]Many of us are encouraged by praises to press forward at work.[b](8) Almost everyone likes sports. Men and women, boys and girls, young and old all over the world, enjoy playing games. [b]As a way of keeping fit and providing pastimes, Shadow Boxing is enjoyed by the old and young alike in many parts of China.[b](9) As is well known, smoking is harmful to our health.[b]Though the idea that many diseases are related to smoking is deep-rooted in the mind of people, total cigarette consumption is not declining in our country.[b](10) Every person loves money, but he cannot make it without hard work.[b]One needs to work in order to keep a minimum living style.[b](11) There are many kinds of art or literature, and it is also the case with music.[b]Like literature and art, music comes in a variety of forms.[b](12) People often talk about the relationship between material and spiritual well-being. Different people have different views.[b]The relationship between obtaining wealth and maintaining righteousness is a widely concerned issue, on which opinions are diverse.[b](13) Money is regarded as the most important in human life.[b]Money is not always placed as the top priority in decision making.[b](14) In modern society, more and more people begin to face the problem of health and wealth.[b]One often finds himself landed in a predicament and forced to make a choice between obtaining wealth and keeping in good health.[b](15) There are always two sides to a question. Part-time jobs are no exceptions. They have either the pro side or the con side.[b]Doing part-time jobs has advantages and disadvantages.[b](16) We have all been aware of the importance of the coordination of our time.[b]In most cases work is successfully done on the basis of cooperation.[b](17) As is known to all, competition is a much discussed issue in our social life.[b]In recent years competition in college entrance exams has become a heated topic of discussion among parents and teachers.[b](18) Nowadays, more and more teachers and students have realized the importance of outside reading. Outside reading helps us a lot in our studies.[b]Teachers and students are becoming increasingly aware of the role that the out-of-class reading plays in assisting students with school work.[b](19) It is common knowledge that reading is always profitable. But we should also know that different books are designed for different people.[b]Books are written to serve readers with specific reading objectives and tastes.[b](20) Books provide us with much knowledge for our work. We need serious reading for our work as well as plain reading for our life.[b]We read scholarly and professional books to achieve success in career and light readings to relax after work. [b](21) Books are our friends. Books give us knowledge, and knowledge is power.[b]We need reading to broaden our horizons of perception so as to be competitive in the age of information explosion.[b](22) Writing is useful to people in all walks of life. We get knowledge form books. Only by means of writing can newspapers keep us informed of the daily news of all parts of the word.[b]Books and newspapers provide knowledge and information and keep one abreast of the current international situation.[b](23) The generation gap is a common phenomenon all over the world.[b]The generation gap does not always hinder mutual understanding and cooperation between the elderly and youths.[b](24) It is very important to keep our city clean. To keep our city clean can beautify our environment and reduce pollution.[b]Our environmental condition can be improved by clearing away the rubbish, removing the debris and planting trees.[b](25) For the sake of their children’s studies, many parents consider it a necessary means to have a family tutor.[b]Many parents believe that long-term benefits for their children’s academic performance by hiring a family tutor outweigh the financial losses.[b](26) Weekends to people mean that people can have two-days’ good rest.[b]The two-day weekend gives working Chinese plenty of time for their rest and travel.[b](27) Everyone spends weekends in his own ways.[b]One chooses his or her own way of spending weekends.[b](28) Different people have different opinions about how to be a good student. As for me, I think a good student should have at least three important qualities.[b]To my mind, a good student should have three qualities.[b](29) In our daily life we can get a lot of benefit from science.[b]Breakthroughs in science and technology improve qualities of our life.[b](30) Telephones are among the most popular and convenient devices ever invented. Telephones help save not only time, energy, but monry as well. So they are welcomed by more and more people.[b]Telephone is one of the most marvelous inventions in human history and has become an indispensable pare of our life.[b](31) Computers possess a great variety of advantages and applications.[b]Computers show amazing advantages and their applications in various fields remarkably simplify the office work.[b](32) In recent years, with the development of industry and population growth, more and more vehicles are running on the roads.[b]Due to the rapid growth of economy, population, and the improvement of living standard, large cities are burdened with an increasing number of automobiles and traffic jams.[b](33) Road accidents are often reported in this country.[b]This year traffic accidents have jumped by 25%.[b](34) It is known that environmental protection is an important subject of science. Scientists spend much money and a lot of effort on settling it.[b]As the environmental pollution has become an emergent issue of our governments at all levels, scientists are putting in substantial amounts of time and research fund on ways of solving them.[b](35) Energy resources are those materials which can supply us with power.[b]Nuclear power is a very promising energy resource to ease the shortage of oil, coal and gas deposits in China.[b](36) Bicycles have become part of our lives. It is necessary for us to own a bicycle.[b]The majority of Chinese still depend upon the bicycle for transportation, but the country needs laws and facilities to regulate its use.[b](37) With the living standards of people rising year by year, television is now playing a very important role in people’s lives and TV programs have been an essential part of our entertainment.[b]Though the life of the ordinary Chinese family is now enriched with the television, people are often upset with unsatisfactory TV programs.[b](38) Plastics are very useful because they have many good properities. First of all, they are light and strong. Next, they do not rust. Finally, they have high chemical stability and give considerable resistance to different solvents, acids and alkalis.[b]Most plastics are popular for their properities of lightness, durability and resistance to solvents, acid and alkalis.[b](39) Making cities greener has many advantages.[b]Making our cities green is only part of our long-term campaign for ridding the environment of the pollution.[b](40) Our world is filled with sounds. When people speak, they utter sounds. When birds sing they end out sounds. Traffic also makes sounds.[b]The Saturday morning free market at Haidian, Beijing, is a sight of hubbub, full of noises of people, animals and automobiles.[b](41) All the people think that honesty is a virtue.[b]Poverty often drives one to seek profits at the expense of honesty.[b](42) Newspapers provide us with information about events beyond our own small world. Without newspaper we would not know what is happening in our own society or abroad. The important events we learn from the newspapers might affect our lives and broaden our knowledge of the outside world.[b]Since the beginning of economic reform and opening to the world in 1978, newspapers in China have skyrocketed in number and quantity. But they still fall short of our needs for keeping track of global events without getting wired on the internet.[b](43) Obligations to our parents are very important. Parents are the most beloved persons in the world.[b]Chinese culture stress filial obedience and duty, while Western culture values equality and independence.[b](44) It is known that pollution is very harmful to human beings.[b]Though it is well known that pollution harms human health, we often find some people littering places with bottles and cans and factories bumping toxic chemicals into the river.[b](45) Some people are pessimistic when they think about the future. They are of the opinion that the world population is increasing so quickly that the world has become too crowded and too noisy, and natural resources on the earth are running out.[b]The increasing population and rapid dwindling of natural resources make some people worried about the future of the world.[b](46) Since we are living in a society which is developing rapidly, it is important for us to get information as quickly as possible.[b]Living in a fast developing age of information, one often finds himself pressed for obtaining the scientific and social update as much as possible for professional success.[b](47) Every year, with the coming of spring, the weather will get warmer. And we usually have a spring vacation at this time of the year.[b]I usually longs for warm weather and joys the spring break, but when it really comes, I am often caught at a loss for things to do.[b](48) Practice is the key to success in all fields of activity. It is practice alone which enables us to build up speed and efficiency.[b]Practice makes perfect, but efficiency shortens the time needed for practice.[b](49) Nearly everybody has to work, and most people envy the lucky few who are rich enough to enjoy life without working.[b]A small number of rich people do not need to work, and their privileges arouse envy among the majority who have to.[b](50) “Haste makes waste” means that one should do everything step by step.[b]It is not easy to make sense of the relationship between the two proverbs, “Haste makes waste” and “Seize the hour and seize the day.”[b](51) As a human being, one can hardly do without a friend.[b]One can hardly ignore the importance of friendship in life.[b](52) I served as leader of our team. During the competition I found my ability to acquire new knowledge over very short time. Moreover, I learned to schedule our project, to share idea with partners and to push it forward when met with difficulties. [b]My experience as a team leader granted me the ability to absorb new information quickly, especially some expertise in management. It also gave me a new conception of cooperation and the working relationship among team members.[b](53) I had the chance to understand how a sparkle of mind is turned into a market-promising product. Some of the points are: [b]Enlightenment and Inspiration:[b](54)The key in innovation is practicality. A new product must be useful in the end.[b]Focus on the problems of existing products, for innovation originates in them.[b](55) Never lose any new ideas. Be ready to take them. [b]Don’t leave any new ideas. Put them into practice.[b](56) Merely a piece of idea is far from success. One should always treat it as a long-run project and sometimes systematic skills of management are required.[b]Focus on long-term programme and sustainable development.[b](57)Lots of detailed work affords excellence.[b]Success results from detailed work.[b][b]2. 归纳思维[b][b] 归纳思维（Inductive Reasoning）就是用归纳逻辑推理的方法进行表达。归纳思维相对于演绎思维，最重要的思维方法。简单地说，归纳思维就是从具体到抽象、从个别到一般、从局部到整体、从观察到结论的思维方式。请看下面这个经典例子：[b](1) This green apple is sour.[b](2) That green apple is sour. [b](3) Therefore, green apples are sour.[b][b] 前两句表达了两个孤立、个别的观察结果。第三句表达了在前两个观察事实基础上做出的抽象的、一般的结论。这是一个典型的三段论推理过程。再如：[b](1) This store opens at nine in the morning.[b](2) That store opens at nine in the morning.[b](3) In general stores open at nine in the morning.[b][b] 用归纳思维方法所做的结论是找出一些孤立、不相连的事实之间的内在联系，是发现一般规律的过程。归纳思维完全可以超出三段论模式，引申到一般的叙述文中去。我们看看下面这些句子。[b](1) Li Kenong successfully helped Zhou Enlai and other Communist leaders escape to safety during the Kuomingtang’s crack down on Communism in 1927.[b](2) Li Kenong disguised himself as a nationalist army officer and gathered treat amounts of military supply and medicine and sent them to the Eighth Route Army.[b](3) Li Kennong dumped the Kuomingtang’s attempt of assassination on Mao Zedong’s life by discovering the planted time bomb in Mao’s residence in Western Hills in 1949.[b](4) When Li Kenong died, the Central Intelligent Agency of the U.S. (CIA) celebrated the removal of their fear by tdking three days off work.[b][b] 这四句话表达了四个具体的事实。所以我们可以得出以下结论：[b][b]Conclusion: Li Kenong is a distinguished Communist intelllligent agent. （摘自《红色情报王李克农》，中英中共党校出牌社2000年。）[b][b] 归纳思维方汉一般用于伤痛述和描写文体。在描写一个人物、地点、事件，或叙述一个故事、一段回忆、一个过程时，用归纳思维方法进行表达，可以显示逻辑推理由浅入深，由表及里的严密性。[b][b]3、演绎思维[b][b] 演绎思维（Deductive Reasoning）是与归纳思维相反的一种重要的逻辑思维和表达方法。演绎思维就是从抽象到具体、从一般到个别、从整体到局部、从论点到论据的思维方式。最基础、最简单的演绎思维方法也来自三段论模式。但它的第三句结论必须与第一句论点首尾相接。例如：[b](1) Green apples are sour.[b](2) This apple is green.[b](3) Therefore this apple is sour.[b][b] 与归纳思维正相反，这里第一句提出“绿苹果是酸的”这样一论点。第二句提出一个具体例证。第三句既说明“这个苹果是酸的”这一事实，又总结性地重申第一句的论点。又如：[b](1) Using e-mail is a lot faster and cheaper than writing letters.[b](2) Xiao Wang is using e-mail to keep contact with his girl friend studying in to U.S.[b](3) Therefore, Xiao Wang’s way of communication is fast and cheap.[b][b] 同归纳思维不太一样的是，归纳思维是直线性地向前发展，而演绎思维是圆型螺旋性地向上发展。另外，归纳思维比较注重观察，而演绎思维围绕论点展开。再看看下面的句子。[b](1) The express reilway plays an important role in the development of national economy and improement of people’s living.[b](2) The project of building the Beijing-Shanghai express railway to be launched in near future will help create a large area of superior economic basis linking some of the fast-economically-growing cities and provinces along the east coast of China.[b](3) The Beijing-Shanghai express railway will ease the trans-portation pressure that has afflicted the old railway with its line taking up only 2.5% of the national railway but carrying 11.2% of the total railway transport load.[b](4) Therefore, constructing the Beijing-Shanghai railway will promote national economy and facilitate travel needs in the large area of the country.[b][b] 演绎思维方法主要用于论说文。作者首先提出论点，然后列举事例，最后回到论点上。这是典型的论点—分析—结论式的思维和表达过程。这种表达方法在英语论文中屡见不鲜。它表达了清晰的思维推理结构和严谨的论述步骤。[b][b] 归纳和演绎是一个哲学问题，是逻辑思维中相辅相成的两个方面。不同的人习惯使用不同的思维方式。爱因斯坦认为，“用归纳的方法是不可能止入物理学的基本概念的。19世纪的研究者们正是由于不理解这一点，才导致了许多哲学上的根本错误。”（《爱因斯坦晚年文集》，第77页，2000年）。归纳和演绎各有千秋。关键是我们在写作中应根据不同的情况，采用不同的分析推理方法，保证写作思维的清晰和连贯性。[b][b]§2 逻辑混乱的句子[b][b]常见的逻辑混乱的句子有下面四类：1.简单推论；2.逻辑残缺；3.逻辑悖论；4.依赖偏见。[b][b]1．简单推论[b][b]简单推论是指句子表达了一个作者个人的或不具代表性的推理或结论。例如：[b]例1：Marine production and transportation are dangerous because the boat of “Dashun,” owned by Shandong Yanda Automobile Ferry Limited Corp., was wrecked on November 24 in 1999.（海上生产和运输很危险，因为1999年11月24日山东烟大汽车轮渡有限公司的“大舜”号轮船遇险沉没了。）[b]例2：Youngsters will commit vicious crimes, since the Xicheng Department of Beijing Security Bureau has recently smashed a gang of 19 ranging from 19 to 30, who engaged in theft, robbery and defraudation.（最近北京公安局西城分局打掉一个19人组成的年龄在19至30岁的盗窃、抢劫和诈骗团伙，所以年轻人会制造恶性案件。）[b]例3：Sailboating is energy-demanding and exciting, and everyone should go for it.（帆船运动是大能量、令人兴奋的运动，每个人都应该参加。）[b]例4：Zongzi, the pyramid-shaped dumpling made of glutinous rice wrapped in bamboo or reed leaves, which is usually eaten during the Dragon Boat Festival, is available in varieties in groceries all time through the year, and everyone should enjoy it.（粽子是锥形的，用糯米和竹叶或苇叶包的，在端午节人们才吃。现在各种各样的粽子在超市上成年累月都有卖的，每个人都应当喜欢吃。）[b][b] 在例1中，不能因为“大舜号”轮船听遇险就断言所有海上生产和运输都是危险的。也说是说不能以一个事件作为再由而做出带普遍意义的结论。在例2中，同样不能以一个犯罪团伙的事例为根据而做出所有青年人都可能犯罪的结论。帆船运动是一项很好的运动，但作者不能武断地认为所有人都应该参加这项运动。因为每项运动都应因人而异，有的人喜欢，有的人不喜欢，年老体弱的人就不适合参加这项运动。同样粽子是个很受人喜爱的食品，但不能因此认为每个人都应当喜爱。比如不少美国人爱吃中国饭馆做的菜，但是他们的喜爱只是相对有限的，因为他们大多数人不愿意像中国人一样整天吃中国菜。因此说，例3和例4中做出的推论是简单和缺乏根据的。因而建立在这样思维基础上句子是松散和不严谨的。[b][b]2．逻辑残缺[b][b] 逻辑残缺是指句子的逻辑概念模糊，推理重复不前，比较不当，突然转题，论题不严谨，以及以想当然和以偏概全方式进行推理。请看下面的例题与分析。[b]例1：It is in the public interest for the society to enrich the life of the old and retired. A recent poll indicates that, in Beijing, sixty percent of the elderly above 55 show great interest in watching movies.（全社会帮助丰富老年和退休人们的生活是有意义的工作。最近一项调查显示，在北京60%六十五岁以上的老人喜欢看电影。）[b]第一句中interest是指“好处”和“利益”，而第二句中的interest是指“兴趣”。在同一句中使用一个词的两个不同概念容易引起混乱。[b]例2：In 1999 the writer Wang Meng filed a lawsuit against “Beijing Online” for its fort on the use of his work. Last week China’s National Bureau of Copyright came up with some measures to carry on the work of cracking down on illegal copyright.（在1999年作家王蒙对“北京在线”对他的作品侵权问题起诉。上星期中国版权局制订了一些措施对侵权行为进行打击。）[b]第一句中的work指的是作品。第二句中的work指的是工作。两者连用引起混乱。这样的写法应尽量避免。[b]例3：“I think the Ministry of Education’s call on the elementary and middle schools across the country for lessening the school load is correct.”（教育部号召全国中小学校为学生减负，我认为是对的。）[b]“Why?”（为什么？）[b]“Because it says it is so.”（因为教育部说这样能减负。）[b]“But why should we think it is so?”（但是为什么我们要认为这样做是对的呢？）[b]“Because it made the call for lessening the school load of students.”（因为它说这样可以给学生减负。）[b]这段地话的逻辑不清，原因在于它不能把论题一步步引申，而是在原地转圈。当提出一个论题后，一定要补之以事实为基础的论证和分析。思维如果不能丝丝入扣，句子将是松散混乱的。下面这句也是如此：[b]例4：The point recently made by Zhu Lilan, minister of Sciences and Technology, is very insightful that an atmosphere of encouraging creation and breakthrough should be developed in China’s fields of sciences and technology, because she said China needs such a working situation in the fields of sciences and technology.（科技部长朱丽兰最近认为中国科技界要建立创新气氛的论点很有远见，因为她说中国科技领域需要这样的一种工作环境。）[b]作者没有说为什么朱丽兰的话是正确的，只是重复说她认为中国科技界需要建立这样的气氛。因这说这句话的思维是原地转圈式的，不能用事实和分析进一步证实她的论断是正确的。[b]例5：People commit crimes of theft, robbery and homicide because they are weak and selfish. They are like some fat people who know they should not eat a lot meat and sugar but do it anyway. They cannot bring their desire under control. We should understand the criminal’s behavior and try to help them change it（一些人总要犯盗窃、抢劫和杀人罪，因为他们意志薄弱而且自私。他们就像一些肥胖人，明明知道应该少吃肉和糖，但却偏偏不改。他们不能控制自己。我们应当了解并努力改变他们的行为。）[b]把罪犯和肥胖人放在一起比较，表面看起来合适，但是从根本上看是不恰当的。因为肥胖人不能控制自己，而并非恶意伤害自己。而罪犯却出于恶意谋取钱财有目的去伤害他人。这两个例子有本质上的不同。因此这个句子的逻辑推理有缺陷。这样的比较叫做比较不当。[b]例6：If you don’t work hark now in your course work and get a minimum GPA average of 2.0, you’re putting all your eggs in one basket and will hardly be able to graduate from college and find a job.（如果你现在不努力上好课，争取达到2.0的课程最低平均分，你就是冒险把所有鸡蛋放在一个篮子里，将来不能毕业及找到工作。）[b]现在努力学习和冒险把所有鸡蛋放在一个篮子里不可比。如果说“你要是只向这一所学校提出申请，你就是冒险把所有鸡蛋放在一个篮子里，最后可能一无所获”则是可以的（If you only apply to one university for college admission, you are putting all your eggs in one basket and may not be admitted at all.）。[b]例7：This shop assistant is rather rude to her customers, but she is working hard learning accounting at leisure time in an effort to obtain an associate college degree from the Board of Self-taught Higher Education.（这个商店营业员对顾客态度很粗鲁，可她业余时间在努力学习财会专业，希望从自学高考委员会得到大专毕业文凭。）[b]例8：This state-run enterprise is on the verge of bankruptcy. Moreover, its head is a college graduate in the 1960s, who is good at a few foreign languages.（这个国有企业面临破产的危险。另外这个企业的领导人是60年代毕业的大学生，精通好几门外语。）[b]在这两个例句中，第一部分和第二部分没有必然的联系。如果放在一起，使得所表达的思想含混不清。这在写作上被称为突然转换论题。从一个论题向另一个论题转换，需要完成思路转换，并且需要过渡词，如in addition, apart from, besides, moreover, meanwhile, admittedly, nevertheless, however, but等等。所以应当避免突然转换论题。[b]例9：I cannot go into stock market because you cannot, nor any stock experts will be able to, ensure that I will be a winner.（我不能参与股票市场，因为你不能，甚至任何股票专家也不能保证我能获利。）[b]保证在股票市场上赢利几乎是不可能的。以不可能证明的事情为根据，而拒绝从事某件事，从逻辑上是不通的。这样的思维可以叫做逻辑不严谨，或无论证论题。[b]例10：People should not swim in this swimming pool, becaust one eleven-year-old was drowned in it last Friday, and no one can guarantee that everyone is safe in swimming there.（人们不能在这个游泳池里游泳，因为上星期五，一个11岁的孩子在这里淹死了，谁也不能保证每个人都安全。）[b]这句话的作者认为不能保证每个人安全就是不去游泳的理由。而这一点是无法证实的。因此这句话前后两部分逻辑不严谨。[b]例11：I know I am going against the red in crossing the street. But look! Every pedestrian and cyclist is ignoring the red by keeping going ahead.（我知道我在闯红灯。可是你看！每个行人和骑车的人都不顾红灯，继续往前走。）[b]例12：Last week I withdrew a great sum from the bank and bought some luxurious furniture because many of my friends had done the same thing.（上星期我从银行取了一大笔钱，买了一些高档家具，因为我的很多朋友就是这样做的。）[b]上面这两句话以想当然为依据进行推理，或者说以别人怎样干为理由来说明自己的行为是正确的。大家都闯红灯并不能说明闯红灯就是对的。大家都取钱买家具并不能说明这就是明智的行为。这样的句子建立在微弱的分析思维基础之上，削弱文章的整体说服力。[b]例13：Ninety percent of the freshmen of this year come from cities because few of the students of International Studies that I teach come from the country.（今年的一年级新学生大多数来自城市，因为我教的国际关系专业的学生很少有来自农村的。）[b]例14：The CD drive in my computer broke down and I bought two new CD drives. Neither of them lasted long. So CD drives are usually defective.（我的计算机里的光驱坏了。我买了两个新的，都没用多次就又坏了。所以光驱质量都不好。）[b]学国际关系专业的学生可能大多数来自城市，学工程的学生就有可能有很多来自农村。不能以一专业学生来源判断整体学生来源。同样，一两个计算机部件质量不好，不能代表所有的质量不好。这种思维方式是以偏概全，论据不足。因此写句子时应该提供有代表性的数据和实证，使得论题严谨和无懈可击。[b][b]3．逻辑悖论[b][b] 逻辑悖论是指句子表达的思想不严谨，推理混乱不清。请看下面的例句和分析。[b]例1：Either we will have to overhaul our curriculum or the whole educational system will collapse.（要么我们得调整我们的教学大纲，否则我们的教育体系就垮台了。）[b]这个句子使用了either…or…这个短语表达了“不这样…就那样…”的惟一两种选择。事情的发展往往既不是这样也不是那样。因此表达应该尽量留有充分余地。这样的句子不仅在推理上不严密，而且会使读者感到作者思维单一。过去我国长期受极“左”思潮影响，在语言表达上人们也往往喜欢“不是这样就是那样”的两种选择思维方式。而事实上事物发展是复杂的，往往有多种选择。两种选择思维方式显得思维单一、简单、片面、武断。它也是静止、孤立、违反辩证法的思维方式。因此在英语写作中应尽量避免。[b]例2：“It is going to be a thunderstorm or clear sky tomorrow?”（明天大雨还是晴天？）[b]“It will be cloudy.”（阴天。）[b]与前面一句相同，这一句同样提出“大雨”和“晴天”两个选择。而“阴天”介于两者之间，是否定两者论的典型回答。[b]例3：The prices of eggs rose sharply last month because the temperature had stayed in the range of 30-35 Celsius for one month.（由于一个多月开气温度一直在摄氏30至35度之间，上个月鸡蛋价钱涨了很多。）[b]例4：He went down to the south with his family on a pleasure trip during the last May First holiday season. After he got back to school, he found his English writing improved a lot. He believed the travel helped his learning.（今年五一节他和家人去南方旅游。回到学校后，他发现他的英语写作提高了不少。他认为旅游有助于学习。）[b]高温天气与鸡蛋价格是先后发生的两件事，但没有直接的联系。如果认为它们有联系，则需要进一步解释清楚，是什么原因使得鸡蛋价格在温度上涨后也上涨了。同样，去南方旅游与英语写作没有直接的联系。如果作者认为有联系，则必须进一步解释原因，否则句子的逻辑出现混乱。[b][b]4、依赖偏见[b][b] 依赖偏见的句子不从论点出发，经过深入分析，达到结论；而是把论证或结论建立在不相关的事件上，或者从感情出发做出判断。使用“你借矣”这样的看法，纠其人而疏其事，是偏见利用法。请看下面的例句和分析。[b]例1：You ask me to quit smoking. But you yourself smoke one pack and a half a day.（你要求我戒烟。可你自己一天抽一盒半纸烟。）[b]例2：Our proposal for promoting sales of our products was rejected for lack of practical measures, but no one has ever put forth any workable proposal.（我们关于促销产品的计划因为缺少具体措施而被否定了，可是到现在为止，谁也没提出过什么有效的建议。）[b]以上两个例句都是以“你自己错了”的论题为基础来说明自己的观点。“你自已不戒烟，所以你没有再由让我戒烟。”“别人没提出建议，因此我们的建议就是正确的。”这样的思维方式建立在偏见的基础上，使句子缺乏逻辑严谨。[b]例3：This representative believed many schools failed to give our children adequate psychological and emotional care. But he is wrong. He himself is a child abuser who often beats and swears at his nine-year-old boy.（这个代表认为很多学校和家长没有给孩子们足够的心理和感情上的关怀。可是他错了。他自己就是一个孩子虐待狂，常常打骂他九岁的儿子。）[b]上面这个例句以人身指责代替分析推理。句子应该针对论题。偏离论题的思维方式只能削弱句子的论点，并使诸者感到作者缺乏诚意。[b]以上讨论了四类逻辑混乱的句子，有些是中国学生容易犯的错误，有些是不常见的。逻辑混乱反映了思维不严谨，而思维不严谨往往使句子蹩脚、沉重，但更大的危害是打乱后面的思维，使下面的论述无法清晰地展开。因此句子的逻辑性强是保证句子正确、简洁和优美的关键。[b][b]§3 句子的思路与表达[b][b] 前面两部分分别谈了英语句子的规律性和思维在表达中的重要地位。在这第三部分中我将讨论标准的英语句子是如何在思维基础上建立起来的。英语句子有它的规律，这个规律就是英语思维方式。如果每个中国学生能够在自己头脑中培养建立起这个英语思维方式——也许和乔姆斯基讲的“语言习得机制”（Language Acquisition Device）一样——那么思维方式和汉语思维方式不同，这种区别来自文化区别。而文化影响属于上层建筑，受经济生活的制约。因此说，辩证叭物主义的在这里再次被证明是正确的。中国和英美国家有着不同的经济发展历史，当代经济生活也大相径庭。因此文化上的区别就是必然的。随之而来的是思维方式，风俗习惯，语言变异上的区别。用中国式思维去写英语句子，就好比拿着木工工具去干车工的活儿，完全不配套。在我国，大多数懂一些英语的人，包括学很多年英语的人，写不好标准英语的症结就在于此。在没有地道英语环境的条件下，我们有没有可能培养出英语思维方式，以便写好英语句子。答案是：有！这就是从理性上发现和找出英语思维方式的特征，从主观上去克服中国式思维方式，并进行大量的阅读和写作训练，这是成年人在不利条件下（the foreign language learning situation）学好英语的惟一出路.概况起来说就是，干什么活儿用什么工具，讲汉语时用汊语思维，讲英语时用英语思维。[b][b]英语思维方式有几个重要特征。[b][b]1、“我”字当头[b][b] 英美文化强调个人。而儒家文化强调他人。“我”字当头就是以我、我们、你、你们、他、他们，这些行为的执行者为重心和中心展中表达。强调主语，强调动作的执行者。英语强调动作。汉语强调状态。英语常把行为者和动作放在句首。汉语常把状语放在重要地方。例如：[b]I found my bike lost when I walked out of the Shengli wovie theater after watching Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon yes-terday afternoon.（昨天下午在胜利电影院看完《卧虎藏龙》出来时，我发现我的自行车不见了。）[b]当然用另一种方法表达也可以。[b]Yesterday afternoon when I walked out of the Shengli movie theater after watching Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon, I found my bike lost.[b]但是比起前者来略显头重脚轻。又例如：[b]Many recently opened summer resorts around Beijing are filled with pleasure-seeking natives of Beijing.（北京附近新开放的夏季旅游点到处都是北京人。）[b]比较[b]Many natives of Beijing are enjoying themselves in the recently opened summer resorts around the city.[b]这一句将动作执行者置于句首，这种表达方式更符合英语习惯。[b][b]2、直截了当[b][b] 英美文化突出坦率，特别是在英语中更是这样。中国文化推崇含蓄。英语句子和英语修辞倾向直截了当的表达。汉语句子和汉语修倾向含蓄婉转的表达。例如：[b]If you want to get more help from me, I would be glad to do my best for you.（如果你希望从我这儿获得更多的帮助，我将愿意帮忙。）[b]If you need more help, just let me know.[b]这二句话反映了英语思维的简练和直截了当。[b]另外，大部分英语句子使用动作的主动时态。中国学生喜欢作动作的被动时态。例如：[b]The sone of Youth was written by her.（《青春之歌》是她写的。）[b]比较[b]She wrote The Song of Youth.[b]当然如果是属于交际场合中的礼节，英美人在用词上比中国人更显含蓄。例如，如果要表达“你要买点儿什么？”（What do you want to buy?）这样的中文思想，英美人会说：[b]What can I do for you?[b]或者[b]Can I help you?[b]又例如，用中式思维表达下面的思想：[b]A: Do you think I should buy a car?（你认为我该买辆汽车吗？）[b]B: You’d better not buy it now.（你现好现在别买。）[b]比较英美人飞惯用的表达方汉表示同样的思想：[b]A: Do you think I should buy a car?[b]B: I would not buy it at this moment.（目前你最好别买。直译是：如果我是你，我就不买。）[b][b]3、事件表达的具体性[b][b] 本文中“事件”这个词泛指所有实在的物体，通俗一点儿可以理解为“内容”。它与“过程”相辅相成并紧密相连。“过程”也就是事物发展的方法，也可能理解为“形式”。事件表达的具体性是指句子中的句词，或者句子要表达的事物具体、准确，不能含糊其辞，让读者去猜。例如：[b]The good painting competition drew crowds of students.[b]这里的good和students就属于用词不准确，不具体。“好”和“坏”也非常笼统和抽象，在英语叵子中应尽量少使用。如果你the threedays well-organized painting compertition就很具体，给读者一个清晰具体的信息。同样，student可分为elementary school students(first to fifth graderw), the middle school students(sixth to eighth graders), high school students(ninth to twelfth graders), college students(freshman, sophomore, junior and senior), graduate students(master students, Ph. D. students, or first-year/second-year graduate students, etc.)。除非在前面已经提到，否则第一次出现应该具体表达所指的人。同样，“a good wife”就远不如“a diligent and considerate wife”具体和准确。[b][b]4、语言表达的形象性[b][b] 西方文化区别于东方文化的一个显著特点是社会生活的自然化。撞单地说，就是抽象的、人类的、感情的东西可以用具体的、自然界的、物质的事物来表述。比如，a lot of bikes可以用a sea of bikes来表达，因为sea是一种形象生动的词汇；in full development可以用in full wing来表达，因为swing是从秋千的摆动引申而来的；the rising prices可以用the skyrocketing prices来表达，等等。语言表达的形象就是用自然界相对应的事物和动作描写人类社会的活动，使得句子简练生动。这种表达不只局限于句词，表现具体动作的动词也可以表现抽象的意义，也可以转换成名词。例如rain这个单词是“下雨”的意思，它可以用作名词，也可以用作动词。但是在许多地道的英语句子中，rain的具体意义被引申使用于抽象思维，从而表现出高度的形象和生动性。下面的几个例句就表现了它的各个层次上的用法：[b](1) It is raining hard.[b](2) It is torrential rain.[b](3) The tennis game was rained out.（由于下雨，网球比赛被迫停止。）[b](4) The children rained questions on their teacher.（孩子们像雨点一样的问题使老师应接不暇。）[b](5) Debris from the explosion rained down the slope. （爆炸后的碎粒像雨点一样落到斜波上。）[b](6) Come rain or shine, I will see you on Thursday.（不论发生什么，咱们星期四见面。）[b]西方人喜爱用自然界具体形象表达生活中的抽象行为。既然rain可以如此表达，那么我们可以将其引申，同rain意思相同的词汇如drizzle, shower, downpour, storm, thunder, thunderstorm都可以用于抽象意义。例如：[b](1) The priest drizzled water on the baby’s head.（牧师在婴儿头上洒了一点儿水。）[b](2) The speech was liberally drizzle with jokes about the incident.（发言中有意掺杂了一些对这件事的玩笑。）[b](3) His boss showered him with praise for everything he had done for the company.（他为公司做的每件事，他的老件都要大加赞赏。）[b](4) A shower of confetti fell on the newly-married couple outside the church.（在教堂外，五彩纸屑纷纷落在新郎新娘身上。）[b](5) She received a downpour of criticism at the meeting.（在会上她遭到激烈的批评。）[b](6) She stormed out of my office.（她愤怒地站出我的办公室。）[b](7) The issue has provoked a stormy debate between the left and the right of the party.（这件事引起了党内左右党派激烈的争论。）[b](8) “I never want to see you again,” he thundered.（“我再也不想见到你了，”他大声吼道。）[b](9) A thunderstorm of laughing rose in the next door.（隔壁屋中突然传出一阵雷鸣般的笑声。）[b][b]5、时间表达的现实性[b][b] 时间和空间是相辅相成的一对事物。英语表达在时间概念上表现了极强的具体性和现实性。我国学生喜欢用较大的时间概念，如nowadays, at present, in that time, recently, for a long time。英美作者常用具体的时间名词，如these years, the decade, these days, at that historical moment/point, the year, the month, the week, the day, the hour, the minute, the second, the moment, the point。这种差别可能出于经济生活的特征。现代化西方人的生活节奏比较快，造成时间概念上的紧凑，因而使用较小的时间单位。我们常听美国人说，“You have 168 hours a week so you have plenty of time to complete the work.”也许以后我们的生活节奏快了，也会使用较小的时间单位。这一类常见的例子有：[b](1) I have no idea about what is going to happen at this moment.(比较: I have no idea about what is going to happen at this time.)[b](2) The year of 1978 marks an important moment in modern Chinese history.(比较: The year of 1978 marks an important time in modern Chinese history.)[b](3) I tried calling her the instant I got home.(比较: I tried calling her as soon as I got home.)[b](4) I have been looking for a job for so long that I have almost reached the stage of despair.(比较: I have been looking for a job for so long that I have almost reached the situation of despair.)[b](5) In his early years Benjamin Franklin worked in his brother’s printing shop.(比较: In this childhood, Benjamin Franklin worked in his brother’s printing shop.)[b](6) I have put in many hours of helping him move into his new home.(比较: I have spent a lot of time helping him move into his new home.)[b](7) She can’t forget those heart-breaking days in the Anti-Japanese War.(比较: She can’t forget her miserable life in the Anti-Japanese War.)[b]因此我们说，在写作中思维要复杂，但表达要具体。使用较小的时间名词，这正是英语写作突出的特点，也是我国学生需要掌握的技巧。[b][b]6、空间表达的方向性[b][b] 空间是指动作和行为。英语在表达动作时具有强烈的方向性：这与汉语截然不同。例如：[b](1) I am going down to Shanghai for the summer.[b](2) He is going up to Beijing next week for a job interview.[b]这两句中的副词down和up没有实在的意义，有时候可以省略。但表达出来就具有强烈的方向感。它们指示方向，down指南方，up指北方。汉语中则不容易表易出来。其他方向副词还有表示两边的out，表示距离的over，表示内外的in, inside, out, outside。比较普遍的用法有：[b](1) Could you come up inside here so we can talk about something personal?（说话时对方可能在窗外楼下院子里。当然这样连续使用3个副词的用法不常见。）[b](2) The old man worked the whole morning out there in his vegetable plot.（强调外边）[b](3) Please take a look at the sentence down at the bottom of the page.（强调下方）[b](4) On her arrival in Beijing and with little money on her, the little girl walked all the way from the Yongdingmen Railway Station up to Xizhimen.（强调北方）[b]当然空间表达的方向性并不是在每句话中都显示出来。但是明白它的重要性可以极大提高英语理解和写作能力，增强用英语思维的整体能力。[b][b]7、动词短语的简洁性[b][b] 动词短语是指动词与副词或介词联用的短语，如give up, take off, pick up, make up, come on, figure out, speed up, slow down, lay out, set up, draw on, go through, fall short, dwell on, arrive at, do away with, depend on, grow up, turn down, dress up, account for, count on, rule out, take into account, bring about, amount to, carry out, feed on, keep up, head for, cling to, stick to, hang on, show up。还包括一些介词和副词短语短语，如at least, as to, to and fro, back and forth, due to, in effect, on the contrary, on the whole, as a result, according to, at length, on the one hand…and on the other, apart from, in addition, in contrast, in conclusion, in all, on average, at the heart of, in sight。动词短语在英语中起着极为重要的作用。它们表达简练、清晰、生动，使用频率极高，是英语句子表达皇冠上的明珠。他们在英语句子中的作画用不可替代。掌握好动词短语是提高英语能力和掌握英语写作的关键一步。[b][b]8.抽象和具体的统一性:of短语[b][b] 英语和汉语由于思维的差异在抽象和具体这两个概念上有根本的区别。在汉语里，“一瓶水”、“两杯咖啡”、“一线光亮”、“一大笔钱”、“一阵风”、“这类人”，这些短语都表现不出抽象和具体之分。而在英语里，它们被表达为：[b]a bottle of water[b]two cups of coffee[b]a beam of light[b]a great sum of money[b]a gust of wind [b]this kind of people[b]其中bottle, cups, beam, sum, gust, kind是具体名词，而water, coffee, light, money, wind, people是抽象名词。当然water和people也可以用作可数的具体名词。但在这里它们被用作抽象概念。类似的还有：[b]fits of cough[b]a streak of blood[b]a scrap of evidence[b]a stroke of luck[b]a blast of cold air[b]a sudden rush of dizziness[b]a wide span of responsibility[b]这一类名词和介词联用的词组可以称作“of”短语，它是英语和汉语的一个重要区别。Of前面的名词是可数具体名词，而of后面的名词是不可数抽象名词。这是英语表达中的固定用法，与汉语截然不同。造成这种表达上的差异，追究其根源，主要来源于长期文化和思维演变的影响。东方人倾向抽象、演绎、综合的思维方式；西方人倾向具体、归纳、分析的思维方式。如果能从理性上理解这种思维差异造成的表达区别，将会便中国学生在学习写英语句子上大大受益。[b][b]9、特殊动词的使用[b][b] 英语中有一些特殊动词具有它们特殊的用法。而这些特殊用法是根据西方人思维方式演变开成的。因此从理论上掌握它们的思维基础，对于写好英语句子有事半功倍的效果。[b]第一类特殊动词：require, order, demand, suggest等等。这类动词可以叫做命令或祈使动词。它们要求与名词、动词不定式或者虚拟式宾语从句联用。例如：[b](1) The teacher demanded an answer from the students to the question he raised.[b](2) They demanded to go inside the building for a security check.[b](3) The librarian demanded he return the books he checked out six months ago.[b]因为这些动词表达要求和命令，因此与之伴随的句子成分都表示出相同的口气，特别是（3）句中的虚拟时态，其中should被省略了。类似的动词还有许多，你应该从思维着手，在词义上动脑筋，去发现相同类型的动词。这样你在以后写句子时，就可以满怀信心地使用它们固有的伴随结构，而不会出错误，即便你从前没有见到过它的用法。比如，假如你不知道动词order如何用，但是你知道order有命令的意思，那你就可以说：[b]The captain ordered that all his officers should attend the parade.[b]或者[b]The captain ordered that all his officers attend the parade.(与上面C句用法相同)[b]同样[b]Her parents suggested she try again in the following year’s national entrance exams.[b]I sugest he try the foreign languages bookstore in Haidian.[b]第二类特殊动词：rob of , deprive of , strip of accuse of , assure of , convince of . 这类动词可以被称为“双宾语of动词”。它们的宾语是由第一宾语和第二宾语组成。第一宾语一般是动作的承受者，一般是人或地方；而第二宾语是动作的对象，一般是事物。它们的这种特殊用法是由英语思维的特殊需要所决定的，即强调和突出动作的随者，即人或地方。所以动作的随者紧接动词。而动作的对象是第二宾语，处于从属地位，所以被放在介词of的后边。例如：[b](1) Last Friday, he robbed the bank of $ 2 million . （突出bank，将其放在前边）[b](2) Poverty deprived these village children of the opportunities for education . (突出children,将其放在前边)。[b](3) On the morning of July 29 , 2001 Zhang Jian stripped himself of his clothes and started swimming across the English Channel.(突出himself,将其放在前边)[b]所以，这类动词在使用时，有时其中一个宾语常常初省略掉。但是你不要忘记它们的固定用法。例如：[b](1) I have been robbed She glanced at the wall and then quickly stripped of its pictures.[b]你能把省略的宾语复原吗？如果能，你就懂得了这类动词的用法。这一类特殊动词很多，你应该从词义上发现和找到它们，使用这们在思维控制下的统一固定的用法，而不会出错误。例如：[b](1) He was accued of the murder.[b](2) He tried to convince the jury of his innocence.[b](3) He assured me of his brother’s qualification for the job.[b](4) This visit to this village reminded me of my stay in Beian , Heilongjiang , as an educated youth during the Cultural Revolution.[b]稍微引申一下，你会发现另一类相似的动词用法，动词+from+名词。例如：[b](1) The doctor dedicated his life to freeing the local people from the fatal disease.[b](2) The medicine released me from years of suffering from allergy.[b](3) Wang Zhidong was released from his position.[b]第三类特殊动词：see , watch, hear , notice, overhear, feel. 这类动词可以称作“感官动词。”它们的主语一般是人。它们常常与无to的动词不定式或者动名词（动词的-ing形式）连用，以表达伴随动作同时发生，同时也使句子更为生动。比较使用动词的定语从句，后者则显得很蹩脚，也不符合标准英语习惯。例如：[b](1) From this window we could see the children playing in the yard. (比较：From this window we could see the children were playing in the yard).[b](2) I watched Yu Lina playing the violin concerto “The Butterfly Lovers” at Beijing Music Hall last summer. (去年夏天我在北京音乐厅看了俞丽拿演奏小提琴协奏曲“梁祝”。)（比较：I watched Yu Lina was playing the violin concerto “The Butterfly Lovers” at Bejing Music Hall last summer. ）[b](3) She heard he say he would quit his job. (比较：She heard he said he would quit his job.)[b](4) We noticed a police van stop outside their house. (比较：We noticed a police van stopped outside their house.)[b](5) She overheard them talking about her last night. (比较：She overheard they were talking about her last night.)[b](6) He felt something snap inside his knee. (比较：He felt something snapped inside his knee.)[b]第四类特殊动词：look, appear, sound, smell, taste, feel. 这类特殊动词可以叫做“感觉动词”。它们的主语一般是物，但有时也可以是人，如下面的（2）句。它们都是表示与身体某部分相关的感觉动作，常常与形容词连用。例如：[b](1) This dress looks nice on you.[b](2) The executive appeared tired this mornig.[b](3) Your vacation plan sounds great.[b](4) These deep-fried twisted dough sticks smell good.(这些油条闻着真香)[b](5) The milk tastes sour.[b](6) The ground felt cold.[b]这类动词不是很多，但很常用。所以当你掌握了他们在思维上的构成基础，就可以写出很多优美的句子。[b]第五类特殊动词：be busy doing, spend time doing。这类动词可以称为“时间动词”，因为它们表达了一种“时间紧”的口气。这类动词不太多，但与它们连用的时间名词却不少。所以说他们也同样表达了一类英语思维倾向。例如：[b](1) She was busy writing out Christmas cards.[b](2) He spent three hours typing his paper.[b]这类动词的旧式用法是使用介词in，即be busy in doing和spend time in doing。这里使用的时间名词多种多样，如year, month, week, minute, second, moment, while, decade, generation。[b][b]10．特殊名词的使用[b][b] 特殊名词是指表示“因难、问题、麻烦”（problem, difficulty, trouble）这类意思的名词和与它们连用的动名词。例如：[b](1) They have difficulty proving he is guilty.[b](2) I had problem getting here.[b](3) Parents often have trouble finding restaurants that welcome young children.[b]旧式用法一般要在动名词前面加介词in，例如第一名，They have difficulty in proving he is guilty。这和上面第五类特殊动词相似。从英语思维的角度来看，“因难、问题、麻烦”这类名词与将要进行的动词相联系，所以必须与表示动作的词汇连用。另外这类词可分为抽象和具体名词，或者不可数和可数名词。上面几个例子是用于它们的抽象和不可数意义，所以该名词以单数形式出现，而且前面没有冠词。它们的具体和可数形式的用法如下：[b](1) Did you have any problems understanding my lecture?[b](2) My father has difficulties using his computer.[b]但这两句在语法结构上与前面几句不一样。在这里它们主要作修饰主语的状语。[b][b]11、伴随状语的使用[b][b] 伴随状语虽然是一种普通的语法现象，但是它显示了英语思维中两个同时发生的动作可以按主次分开，使句子简练、生动。用主句表达主要动作，伴随状语表达辅助动作。例如：[b](1) Smoking a pipe, he browsed through a magazine in the room.[b](2) The paintings were on the floor, leaning against the wall.[b](3) Pinching and scraping we managed to get by when we were first married.[b](4) Laughing and yelling, the boy raced into the room and brought us the new.[b]12、礼节上的含蓄[b]礼节上的含蓄是指在英语句子表达中使用婉转协商的口气和适当的语态，表达一种尊重的意向。例如：[b](1) What can I do for you?（此句常用于商店里营业员问顾客买什么东西）[b](2) Can I help you？（同上）[b](3) I would talk to my adviser first before taking on this project.（要是我，我就先和我的导师谈一谈，然后再着手这个项目。注意：这里没有用我国学生常用的You should talk to your adviser first before taking on this project.）[b](4) I would appreciate it very much should you let me know your decision at your earliest convenience.（如果能在您方便的时候尽早退知我你们的决定，我将非常感谢。注意：这里没有用我国不生常用的I would appreciate it very much should you tell me your decision at your earliest convenience.）[b]使用I would like to do…比You should do…或者You can do…要婉转得多。例如：[b](1) I’d like to buy ten envelopes and two 80-cent stamps.（比较，Can you give me ten envelopes and two 80-cent stamps?）[b](2) Would you please not smoke here?（比较：You should not smoke here.）[b]动词tell带用命令的口气，最好避免使用，除非用于和关系密切的人谈话中，例如：[b](1) Could you let me know the flight number for Kunming this afternoon?（比较：Can you tell me the flight number for Kunming this afternoon?）[b](2) I would like to let you know some of the company’s rules.（比较：I want to tell you some of the company’s rules.）[b](3) Can you tell me his e-mail address? I want to contact him.（此种为朋友之间的用法。）[b][b]