托福改错题常考要点
| 寄托天下 | 2005-03-20 04:15 | 浏览2895次 |
托福改错题常考要点:托福语法中,改错题无疑是让很多考生头疼的部分,本文总结了一些常考要点。
一、代词[b]代词中主要讲解六个问题[b](一) 掌握代词的几种格[b] 主格、宾格、所有格[b] 名词前面用代词来修饰,只能用所有格(my books)
(二) 反身代词[b]当主语和宾语表示同一事物时,宾语使用反身代词。[b] He killed himself. (他自杀了)[b] He killed him. (他杀了他)
>例:Researchers at the University of Colorado are investigating [b] A B [b] a series of indicators that could help [b] C [b] themselves to predict earthquakes.[b] D[b]分析:D错,应改为them。如果用反身代词themselves,指代对象是从句主语that(即名词indicators),这显然是错误的。从句意来看,help的宾语应该是主句主语researchers,故应用代词宾格而不是反身代词。注意C并没有错,情态动词could 比can语气弱,表示较小的可能性。[b]Indicator为征兆,这些征兆帮助他们来预言地震。主语是征兆,后面指研究者,不是同一个事物
(三) 代词的单复数,代词的性别[b]在考试中如果代词打横线,代词错误的概率是非常高的,因此代词打横线,应该先看代词有没有错。
例:The continental divide refers to an imaginary line in the North American Rockies [b] that divides the waters flowing into the Atlantic Ocean from it flowing into the [b] A B C D[b] Pacific.
分析:D错,应改为those。D指代复数名词waters, it是单数,显然是错误的,根据习惯故改为those。注意waters一词并没有错,它指江湖河海中的大片水域,可用复数形式。
Water作为水是不可数名词,waters表示水域,通常使用复数形式,作主语谓语动词用复数。[b]Work作为工作是不可数名词,work作为作品,可数不可数都可以,例如: [b] Many of his works= much of his work, work都表示作品
例:In 1920 the presidential candidate Warren Harding coined [b] A [b] the word“normalcy”to express social and[b] B[b] economic conditions they promised the nation.[b] C D[b]分析:D错,应改为he。动作promised是由Warren Harding发出来的,故用第三人称单数he来指代。
例:Many critics believe that Amy Lwell" s most important [b] A [b] work is not poetry, but his biography, John[b] B C [b] Keats, published the year of her death. [b] D[b]分析:C错,应改为her。his指男性,显然是错误的,应改为her与后面的her同指Amy Lowell.
[b](四) Who和which的区别[b]which指代事物或者动物,who指代人[b]who/whom son往往要改为whose son, whose可以指代事物
例:The human body contains more than six hundred muscles who [b] A B [b] account for approximately forty percent of the body weight.[b] C D[b]分析:B错,应改为which或that。先行词不是指人,而是指物,关系代词不能用who,故改为which或that。[b]人体前面加定冠词the, account for 占有多大的比例,解释说明
(五) that和which的区别[b]介词后面使用which, 而不用that, in that除外
例:When television was first introduced, the extent to that it [b] A B [b] would affect society could not have been foreseen.[b] C D[b]分析:B错,应改为which。The extent to which, 介词加which(引导定语从句),影响社会的程度没有被预见
(六) 定语从句的特殊省略[b]Reason后面有定语从句,中间往往省略why, [b]Time后面有定语从句,中间往往省略when[b] I do remember the time I heard the sweetest voice in the wild world.[b]way后面有定语从句,中间省略了in which
例:Research on pain has been neglected, although the mainly [b] A B [b] reason people take medicine is to relieve pain.[b] C D[b]分析:B错,应改为main。mainly为副词,不能个饰后面的名词,故改为形容词main。句子中people take medicine修饰reason,定语从句引导词被省略
例:Commercial expansion from city to suburb has [b] affected the way people in the United States----.[b] (A) living and working[b] (B) they live and work [b] (C) live and work[b] (D) to live and to work[b]分析:选择C, the way people....影响了人们生活和工作的方式。
二、介词[b]介词是考试中出现的比较多的一个部分,而其中考的最多的就是介词的固定搭配问题。由于篇幅问题,我们在这里仅仅举出几个例题,在说明书手册中我们完整的列出了所有的介词搭配,这些列出的搭配在以前的语法题中出现过,只不过有的时候是正确的选项,有的时候重复考。
(一) 介词搭配
例:The teeth in the upper jaw function together those [b] A B C [b] in the lower jaw to cut, tear, and grind food.[b] D[b]分析:和…一起,应该为together with,C错
例:The Allegheny Mountain range is rich of coal. [b]A B C D[b]分析:B错改为be rich in
例:The rotation of the Earth on its axis is responsible to the [b] A B C[b] alternation of periods of light and darkness.[b] D[b]分析:C错,应改为responsible for。形容词responsible后接名词作宾语时要加介词for。
[b](二) 最重要的两个介词[b]1、介词of 多余或者遗漏[b]例:Mosquitoes usually lay eggs, singly or in batches, on top stagnant water.[b] A B C D[b]分析:D错,应改为top of stagnant。on top of …是因定表达法,意为“在…上面”。
例:Christopher Plummer is a Canadian actor who has [b] A B [b] starred in stage, television, and film productions on[b] C[b] both sides the Atlantic Ocean.[b] D[b]分析:D错,应改为sides of the。 sides为名词,the Atlantic Ocean也是名词,中间明显少了一个介词。
2、介词by[b]一种情况表示被动,be+过去分词+by[b]另一种表示通过……的方式, by doing[b]例:The ceremony of marriage in the United States[b] A B [b] can be performed from a justice of the peace.[b] C D[b]分析:D错,应改为performed by。谓语动词是被动式,performed的动作执行者应该由介词by来引导。
例:Along the east coast ,American Indian women"s councils[b] A [b] could veto a declaration of war at refusing to[b] B C D[b] supply moccasins and field rations.[b]分析:D错,应改为by refusing。通过拒绝提供鞋子和粮食,表示通过某种方式做某事要用介词by,故将at refusing 改为by refusing。
例:Algebra is the branch of mathematics concerned with [b] A [b] operations on sets of numbers or other elements[b] B C [b] that are often represented at symbols.[b] D[b]分析:D错,应改为by。动作的发出者应该用介词by来引导。[b]三、谓语动词[b](一) 谓语动词的主谓一致[b]①、主谓分割原则[b]例1:To the citizens of the United States, the bald eagle, [b] A [b] America"s national bird, symbolize strength and freedom.[b] B C D[b]分析:C错,应改为symbolizes。主语谓语用逗号分割开,主语the bald eagle为单数,谓语动词也应该用单数形式。
②、与后者一致原则[b]not…but, 强调but后面的名词,[b]not only…but also
[b]③、与前者一致原则[b]名词+with/together with/as well as/including+复数名词,谓语用is, [b]中心词在前面,谓语动词应该与前面的名词保持一致 [b]例:The athlete, together with his coach and [b] A B C [b] several relatives, are traveling to the Olympic Games.[b] D[b]分析:D错,与谓语动词与the athlete 保持一致,改为is
④、就近原则[b]or, either…or, neither…nor,[b]单数名词+or+复数名词+are[b]如果把句子变为一般疑问句,也就是把be动词提到前面,那么变为is[b]所以注意一点: 如果是陈述句,靠后面近,用复数[b] 如果是疑问句,靠前面近,用单数
例:The structure or behavior of many protozoans are [b] A B [b] amazingly complex for single-celled animals. [b] C D[b]分析:A错,应改为and。从谓语动词是复数形式判断,主语应该为复数,or连接两个名词时动词和后面的名词保持一致,behavior是用单数形式,因此只有改为并列连词and才能使主谓在数上保持一致。
⑤定语从句主语就近原则[b]There are five apples that are red.[b]apples是复数,因此从句谓语动词是复数。
例:A rocket burns propellant rapidly and most rockets[b] A [b] carry a supply that last just a few seconds.[b] B C D[b]分析:D错,应改为lasts。从句的逻辑主语a supply为单数,其谓语动词应为单数形式。
⑥the +形容词主谓一致[b]The rich are not always happier than the poor.[b]The rich 表示一类人,应该用复数
⑦、倒装句的主谓一致[b]改错题倒装句的主谓一致一般考两种情况:[b]a. there be 句型[b]there be+名词+名词,那么最近的名词决定其形式[b]b. between/ among 放在句首+be+名词,名词其实是主语,所以be和名词保持一致
例:There are no known society in which left-handed people predominate.[b] A B C D [b]分析:there be 句型由最近的名词决定其形式,society当然用单数,A错,there are 改为there is
[b]例:Between the foothills of the Andes and the Pacific [b] A B [b] Ocean are a dry coastal strip averaging about 30[b] C [b] miles in width.[b] D [b]分析:倒装句,are改为is
例:Among the favorite attractions at the National Air and [b] A B C [b] Space Museum in Washington D.C. are the film[b] D [b] presented on the five-story-tall screen.[b]分析:D错,应改为films , 主语实际上是名词,应该与谓语动词保持一致。
⑧、百分比结构的主谓一致[b]fifty percent of + 名词[b]one percent of + 名词[b]谓语动词的形式和百分比多少没有关系,主要取决于后面的名词,比如:[b] one percent of my students + are[b] fifty percent of my time is spent on working.
这里要强调两个结构[b]half of =fifty percent[b]most of + 可数名词 + are[b]most of + 不可数名词+ is
例:Nearly half of the ancient meteor craters has been [b] A B C [b] found in central and eastern Canada.[b] D[b]分析:C错,应改为have been。介词of的宾语为复数名词短语,作主语的中心词half当然表复数,相应的谓语动词应为复数形式。
例:Approximately fifty percent of the package utilized [b] A B [b] in the United States are for foods and beverages.[b] C D[b]分析:A错,应改为packages。从谓语动词用复数形式判断出主语是复数名词。注意food用复数表示不同种类的食品,beverage用复数表示不同种类的饮料,故(C)、(D)均没有错。
(二) 谓语动词的时态[b]①、主要考察时间状语
例 The metal aluminum has been first isolated early in the nineteenth century.[b] A B C D
分析:Metal, aluminum同位语,in the nineteenth century为明显表示过去时间的状语, 因此应该用过去时态,把has been改为was
[b]②、For和since的区别[b]区别一:For 后面使用时间段,since 后面使用时间点[b]区别二:Since 只能用在现在完成时态,For 最主要用在现在完成时和一般过去时[b] I has been a teacher for three years.[b] I has been a teacher since 1996.[b] I was a teacher for three years. 这种表达可以,for three years表示一段时间,was 表示过去做了三年,现在不是老师了
例: Since 1921 the budget of the United States became[b] A B [b] the primary responsibility of the president.[b] C D[b]分析:A错,应改 In. since一般要求主句用完成时态,而句中谓语动词为过去式,其时间状语应与之呼应,故改Since为In。
例:Adella Prentiss Hrghes served as manager of[b] A B C [b] the Cleveland Orchestra since fifteen years.[b] D[b]分析:D错,应改为for。since引导时间状语时,主句谓语动词为一般完成时;主句谓语动词为一般过去时要用介词for;而且一段时间用for, 而不是since。
[b]52. In general, prawns lived in shallow coastal waters or in streams. [b] A B C D[b]自然现象和客观事实用一般现在时态,live
(三) 谓语的语态[b]语态主要表示是主动语态还是被动语态。 [b]有四组动词是改错题中常考的:[b]①、prove [b]My advice proved to be wrong. 我的建议被证明是错的[b]尽管是被证明,但习惯上用主动;
例:A majority of the reports received from people claiming [b] A [b] to have seen the legendary Loch Ness Monster have proven to be[b] B C[b] mistakes, misconceptions, or they were being tricked.[b] D[b]分析:D错,应改为tricks。并列连词 or在此连接名词,如果把D理解为并列句,不仅时态不对,语义也有问题,故将整个句子改为名词。have proven to be是正确的。
[b]②、Locate,Situate[b]这两个词可以用作主动,表示把…放置在…地方;确定…的位置[b] Bats locate obstacles.蝙蝠确定障碍物的位置[b]这两个词也可以用作被动[b] My school was located near the river.[b]区分locate的主动和被动比较难,但是有一个技巧存在:locate如果用作主动,后面必须跟宾语[b]例:The center of gravity of the human body ---- behind the hip joint.[b] (A)locates [b] (B)locating[b] (C)to locate [b] (D)is located [b]分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词,故首先排除不能作谓语的B和C。动词locate后面没有宾语,所以用作被动,表示“位于”,所以D为正确选项。
③、表示需要概念的动词[b]need, want, require等
My watch needed repairing[b]My watch needed to be repaired.
④、表示人的情感的动词[b]move, annoy, surprise, please等
He is so moving. 他令人感到感动。[b]He is greatly moved. 他感到非常感动。
主动和被动技巧总结:[b]如果句子中有一个“过去分词+by”, 如果断定它是谓语的话,前面必然有be动词
例:The Tennessee Valley Authority has chartered by the [b] A [b] United States Congress in 1933 to construct dams,[b] B[b] power structures, and flood-control works along [b] C [b] the Tennessee River and its tributary streams.[b] D[b]分析:A错,应改为has been chartered。由信号词by可知前面的谓语动词为被动语态形式。
四、非谓语动词
(一) 分词[b]现在分词和过去分词的区别 [b]①、用于句首作状语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动
例:Won its war for independence in 1783, the United States then [b] A [b] struggled to establish its own economic and financial system.[b] B C D[b]分析:分词作状语,主要看是主动还是被动,美国赢得应该是主动,所以A错,改won为winning
②、用于名词后面作后置定语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动[b]例:In the nineteenth century the Mohave Indians lived in [b] A B [b] the Northern Hemisphere grew their crops on river bottom lands.[b] C D[b]分析:B错,生活在什么地方的人,人生活是主动,因此改为living
[b]一些动词后面必须用doing[b]对于加doing的词来说,考试中一般出现一个,下面这些词都是要加doing的,请考生牢记。[b] mind, finish, enjoy, celebrate, [b] advocate, suggest[b] delay, quit[b] forgive(原谅),tolerate,[b] avoid, escape(逃避)[b] spend+名词+doing; [b] have trouble/difficult/a problem/ +doing
例:Long before the dawn of recorded history, humans celebrated to harvest their [b] A B C D[b] crops.[b]分析:D错,应改为harvesting。及物动词celebrate直接带名词、名词短语或动名词短语作宾语,故将to harvest改为harvesting。
例:Some experts have advocated to bring that country into the talks, [b] A B [b] to revive the intermittent dialogue that began after the 1967 Middle East War.[b] C D[b]分析:A错,advocate 后面直接跟doing, 改为advocate bringing
(二) 不定式[b]A. 动词不定式的省略[b]①、help后面可以省略to[b] help to do[b] help sb. to do
例:A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid [b] A B [b] the habits that might shorten the lives.[b] C D[b]分析:D错,应改为their. 定冠词在句中不如代词所有格明确,如果lives后面有定语就可以用the。注意(A)并没有错,help后面可以接不带to的不定式。
②、使役动词后面要省略to, 这样的动词只有三个 [b] make, [b] let,[b] have sb. do sth[b] 注意get不是使役动词,get sb. to do sth.[b]例:A conductor used signals and gestures to let the musicians [b] A B[b] to know when to play various parts of a composition. [b] C D[b]分析:let是使役动词,后面不需要to, C改为know
③、感官动词[b] hear, feel, watch, see, notice, observe[b] see sb do sth. 强调过程[b] see sb doing sth 正在做某事
[b]B. 动词不定式的固定用法[b](1)表示第一人 [b]the first woman to do sth.
(2)表示迫使的动词[b]一般考三个, allow/ enable/ call, +sb. + to do
例:Besides providing clues to the nature of atoms, mineral analysis [b] A B [b] allows to speculate geologists about the ancient Earth.[b] C D[b]分析:allow...to do是固定短语,allow的宾语应在不定式之前,即把C改为: allow geologists to speculate。
[b](3)表示倾向…的形容词[b] be more likely to do 更有可能作某事[b] be inclined to do倾向于做某事[b] be lieable to do 易于…的[b] be apt to do
(4)表示目的的名词,[b]一共有7个这样的词,这一条也是最重要的。[b]固定的句式: [b]the purpose , the purpose of sth is to do sth.[b]the objective 目标[b]aim[b]goal[b]reason理由[b]function功能[b]intension意图
例:The function of Louis Sullivan"s architecture was providing [b] A [b] large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior.[b] B C D[b]分析:the function to provide, A错
例:The chief goal of biochemistry is for understanding the structure [b] A [b] and behavior of the carbon-containing compounds [b] B [b] that make up various components of a living cell.[b] C D[b]分析:the chief goal is to understand, A错
(5) 其他同根名词[b] ability to do 受到be able to 的影响[b] attempt to do 企图[b] decision to do 决定, 受decide的影响[b] ambition, [b] be ambitious to do [b] effort
例:For ancient people, myths were often attempts explanation [b] A B [b] catastrophic events such as volcanic eruptions.[b] C D[b]分析:B错,应改为to explain。 attempts后应跟动词不定式短语表目的,故将名词explanation改为to explain。
例:In the early 1960"s the Civil Rights movement made great [b] A B [b] efforts for registering members of minorities to vote.[b] C D[b]分析:efforts to register, C错
[b]C. 动词不定式的其他用法[b](1) be to do 表示已安排好或者注定要发生的动作,属于将来时态的范畴[b]She and Anne are to meet at two o"clock.
(2)不定式的完成式为“to have done”,表示不定式的动作在谓语动作之前发生,这个完成式通常表示一般过去时[b]I am glad to see you. [b]I am glad to have seen your mother yesterday.[b]yesterday是一般过去时,修饰have seen.
(3) 形容词后面使用动词不定式,主动表示被动[b]It is difficult to decide.
[b]五、句子的结构[b]句子的结构主要考查四个出题方向。
(一) 主语的重复[b]名词+代词+谓语,这个代词永远是重复的主语,永远是错的[b]例:Woodrow Wilson he was an idealist who refused to make any [b] A B [b] compromises concerning the establishment of the [b] C D[b] League of Nations.[b]分析:代词he不是同位语,主语重复;如果是下面这样的主语,那么便是主语同位语[b]A prolific writer, Woodrow Wilson
[b]例:Two unique features of the Arctic they are [b] A B [b] lack of precipitation and permanently frozen ground.[b] C D[b]分析:选项B中的they和前面的主语two unique features重复
(二)谓语的重复[b]完整的句子后面又多了一个谓语,往往改为定语从句
例:A paragraph is a portion of a text consists of [b] A B [b] one or more sentences related to the same idea.[b] C D[b]分析:B错,应改为consisting of或which consists of。句中有两个无法连接的谓语动词,而且前一个谓语动词下面没有划线,故改consists为非谓语动词形式或在它前面加which使之成为从句谓语动词。
(三)谓语的缺少[b]例:Most mammals to maintain a relatively constant body [b] A B [b] temperature, regardless of what the air temperature might be.[b] C D[b]分析:A错,应改为maintain。句中缺谓语动词,故去掉不定式符号to 使maintain变成谓语动词。
(四)主句的重复[b]主句的重复总是考even, instead, during, despite等引导的句子, 但是实际上它们无法把两个句子连接起来,因为它们都是副词或者介词,连接两个句子应该用连接词连接
[b]例:Salmon spend most of their adult lives in salt water, despite [b] A B C [b] they return to their freshwater birthplaces to spawn and die.[b] D[b]分析:C错,应改为though。despite是介词,后面一般接名词作宾语,而在句中它后面却跟着一个完整的句子,所以改为连词though。
例:Solar eclipses occur during the Moon"s shadow [b] A B [b] sweeps across the face of the Earth.[b] C D[b]分析:B错,应改为when或as。介词不能引导条件状语从句,根据题意改为从属连词when或as。
例:Even many early leaders of the United States have provided [b] A B [b] names for towns, only George Washington[b] C[b] is remembered in the name of a state.[b] D[b]分析:A错,应改为Even though。even为副词,不能引导从句,根据题意,改为引导让步状语从句的Even though。[b]六、比较级和最高级[b]比较级和最高级的出题非常有规则,一共有5个出题方向,并且每次考试必然考两个
(一) 比较级或最高级形式上的重复[b]例:The most easiest process for mining gold is panning, which [b] A [b] involves using a circular dish with a small pocket at the bottom. [b] B C D[b]分析:A错,应改为easiest。easiest本身已是最高级,不必再用most,这是最高级形式上的重复
(二)比较级和最高级之间的混用[b]例:The greenest and plentifulest leaves are the leaves of grasses.[b] A B C D[b]分析:B错,应改为most plentiful。 plentiful是多音节形容词,须在前面加most构成最高级。
例:The more fearsome of all the animals in the Western Hemisphere[b] A B C D[b] is the grizzly bear.[b]分析:A错,应该用最高级most,含有介词of, among, in 表示的范围状语使用最高级。
[b](三)比较词than的前面一定要有比较级[b]改错题中,通常会看见than前面有一个原级
例:Film directors can take far great liberties in dealing with [b] A B [b] concepts of time and space than stage directors can.[b] C D[b]分析:B错,应改为greater。根据后面有than一词可以判定前面的形容词用比较级形式,注意far, much 修饰比较级。
(四)在as…as以及否定not so…as, not as…as的中间使用形容词原级[b]as sweeter as, 这是不对的,应改为as sweet as
(五)the 和比较级最高级的关系[b]①、比较级前面可以出现the, 修饰后面的名词[b]the taller boy
②、副词的最高级加不加the均可以[b]例:Although flies live longest in cool temperatures, it breed [b] A B[b] prolifically when temperatures are warm, food is [b] abundant, and humidity is moderate.[b] C D[b]分析:副词的最高级加不加the均可, 所以A正确,从从句的主语可以看出,B应该改为they
③、形容词的最高级作定语前面必须使用the, 如果不作定语的话,加不加the均可以[b]例:Of all the Native Americans in the United States, [b] A B C [b] the Navajos form largest group.[b] D[b]分析:D错,应改为form the largest。形容词最高级前面要加定冠词。
陷阱1, earliest, 有两种可能,[b]一种可能是early的最高级,最早的语言,the earliest language[b] 另一种可能作名词,表示早期,必须和时间的名词连用,earliest time, earliest ages, 表示很早的年代,很早的时代,也就是说,如果以后碰上earliest后面加上times, ages, 前面不用加the
例:The belief in fairies have existed from earliest times, and the literature of many [b] A B C[b] countries includes tales of fairies and their relationship to humans.[b] D[b]分析:A错,应改为has existed。主语是单数名词the belief,而不是复数名词fairies,故谓语动词是单数形式。earliest times表示表示很早的时代是正确的。
陷阱2,如果最高级前面有所有格的话,不用加the[b]例如:my best friends
例:Salt Lake City, Utah"s capital and largest city, is industrial [b] A B C[b] and banking center.[b] D[b]分析:C错,应改为is an industrial center。center为可数名词,它的修饰词前面应有不定冠词。 [b]Utah"s largest city, 题目中其实是省略了Utah"s。
[b]例:Faults in the Earth"s crust are most evidently in sedimentary [b] A [b] formations, where they interrupt previously continuous layers.[b] B C D[b]分析:A错,are的表语必须用evident, 为什么不加the, 因为作表语,而不是定语
七、平行结构[b]改错题考的最多的一个方向便是平行结构
[b](一) 对等连接词[b]一共有三类连接平行结构的词[b]单一式: and, or ,but[b]相关式: both…and, not … but, [b] either …or, neither…nor[b] the same…as;as…as, not so…as, not as…as[b] such …as, so …that.. too…to, from…to, from…until, between…and,[b] not only…but also(also可以省略),Not only +主谓,also[b] not only…but also(also可以省略)+as well,
短语式: as well as[b] rather than (而不是)[b] other than (除…之外)[b] instead of (代替)
考试的方式往往是搭配中有一个单词是对的,另一个单词却不对[b]例:John lived in New York since 1960 to 1975, [b] A B [b] but he is now living in Detroit.[b] C D[b]分析:B错,应改为from。“从某年到某年”要用“from…to…”这个表达法,不能用since …to…。
例:Even as he wrote copiously on so diverse topics [b] A B[b] as education ,politics ,and religion ,Lewis Mumford[b] remained active in city and regional planning.[b] C D [b]分析:B错, 改为such diverse topics as, 出现as, 往往要注意前面一半[b](二)平行的内容[b]第一、引导词性的平行,词性的平行本质上是语法作用的平行[b]例:Photoperiodism is the functional or behavioral response of [b] A B [b] an organism to changes in duration of daily, seasonally,[b] C D[b] or yearly periods of light and darkness.[b]分析:D错,应改为seasonal。在daily, seasonally和yearly三个并列的词中,daily和yearly是形容词,seasonally是副词,故改为形容词seasonal,共同修饰名词periods,三个形容词的平行,词性平行
[b]第二、名词单复数的平行[b]但是如果既有可数名词,又有不可数名词,可以不平行
例:The main advertising media include direct mail, [b] A B C [b] radio, television, magazines, and newspaper.[b] D [b]分析:D错,应改为newspapers。newspaper为可数名词,在没有任何前置修饰语的情况下一般用复数形式,并且和前面的magazine平行,而mail, radio, television则是不可数名词。
例:The Canadian province of Newfoundland has a rocky coast, a moisture climate, [b] A B[b] and probably the best cod-fishing areas in the world.[b] C D[b]分析:海岸气候只有一个,但是钓鱼的地方可以有许多个,所以也是不可数名词和名词复数的平行;因此D没有错,A错改为have
第三、时态的平行[b]例:The poet Marianne Moore was initially associated [b] A [b] with the imagist movement , but later develops[b] B[b] her own thyme patterns and verse forms.[b] C D[b]分析:B错,应改为developed。句中前半部分谓语为过去时,与之并列的谓语也应用过去时。
例:Because the papaya grows readily from seed , -----[b] spread from its home in Central America and[b] now grows throughout the tropics.[b] (A) to be (B) it [b] (C) the (D) its[b]分析:正确答案为(B)。空格前是原因状语从句,后面紧接着是谓语动词,空格处明显缺主句主语。四个选项中只有B能单独作主语。注意spread是过去式,没有数的变化,因为这一动作明显发生在过去时间。spread 和grows为什么时态可以不平行呢?[b]原来它在Central America 的家乡传播,现在在整个地方传播,now只修饰后面的grow
例:Ducks have been domesticated for many centuries ---- [b] commercially for their meat and eggs.[b] (A) raised (B) and are raised [b] (C) raised as (D) are raised[b]分析:正确答案为B。空格前是一个完整的句子,根据一个空格处如再出现谓语动词一定要有连词这一原则,B为惟一符合条件的选项。故选(B)。
第四、排列位置的平行[b]例:---the surface of metal, but also weakens it.[b] (A) Not only does rust corrode [b] (B) Not only rust corrodes [b] (C) Rust, which not only corrodes[b] (D) Rust not only corrodes[b]分析:正确答案为D。从but also放在动词前可知,not only也须置于动词前,故选D。A、B中的Not only位置放错了,C使句子缺主句,故排除。
对于not only, but also的用法有以下几种:[b] 1、主语+not only +谓语,but also+谓语,正确;例如上面例题中的第四个选项。[b] 2、Not only +主谓,but also+主谓,正确[b] 3、Not only +主语+谓语,but also+谓语,错误
八、词序的颠倒 [b]词序的颠倒一般只考一道,90%的情况集中于下面三个出题方向[b](一) 先说形容词,再说名词[b]例:The Medal of Honor is the highest award military for courage [b] A B [b] that can be given to any individual in the United States.[b] C D [b]分析:B错,军事的荣誉是military award而不是award military,单个形容词修饰名词时一般放在被修饰词的前面。
[b](二) 副词+形容词+名词[b]例:Certain types of computers work properly only [b] A B [b] in environments with controlled precisely temperatures.[b] C D[b]分析:D错,应改为precisely controlled,精确的被控制的温度。controlled为过去分词用作形容词,修饰它的副词应放在其前面,它自己则要紧挨着被修饰的名词。
[b](三)主语系动词, 系动词 + 表语
例:During the 1600"s skilled shoemakers scarce were [b] A B C [b] in what is now the United States.[b] D[b]分析:C错,应改为were scarce。表语应该放在系动词后面。
所有的系动词分为三大类:[b]第一种:表示保持某种状态,[b] is, remain, keep, stay,[b] lie, exit(表示位于)[b]第二种,从一种状态转变到另一种状态[b] become, turn, grow, [b] get (It is getting warmer and warmer)
第三种,感官动词[b] seem(好像是)[b] look(看起来好像是)[b] feel, sound, appear, smell, taste[b]enough修饰形容词或副词时,一般放在形容词或副词后面。[b]例: The eruptions of Mt. St. Helens were enough severe [b] A B [b] to cause numerous deaths.[b] C D [b]分析:B错,应改为sever enough。severe是形容词, enough放在severe后面。
九、词性的混用[b]词汇量的掌握对词性的使用非常重要,但是如果对出题方向有更好的把握,将会弥补词汇量的不足。
(一)做表语时形容词和副词的混用[b]做表语永远用形容词,绝对不能用副词;
例:Giant pandas, which inhabit restricted areas of high [b] A B [b] mountain bamboo forests, are rarely today and[b] C [b] when they are in captivity they breed poorly.[b] D[b]分析:错,应改为are rare。rarely为副词,不能作表语,故改为形容词rare(罕见的,稀少的)
[b](二)加宾语时名词和动名词的混用[b]后面加宾语当然要用动名词[b]例:Tilling means preparation the soil to plant the seeds [b] A B [b] and keeping the soil in the best condition to[b] C [b] help the crop grow until it is ready3 for harvesting.[b] D [b]分析:A错,应改为preparing。preparation为名词,后面不能接宾语,改为动名词preparing后既能接宾语,又与后面的keeping构成并列关系。
例:Langston Hughes, a prolific writer of the 1920"s, [b] A [b] was concerned with the depicting the experience of[b] B C[b] urban Black people in the United States.[b] D[b]分析:C错,应改为depicting。 depicting在此为动名词,作介词宾语时不加冠词。注意此处还可以改为the depiction of,但略显累赘,因为后面还有of结构。The +动名词,这个动名词其实就变为了名词。
[b](三)表示时间时,状语从句连接词和近义的介词混用[b]表示时间有两种可能,[b]一种是状语从句,由when and while引导,后面加句子[b]另一种是由介词引导,如during,后面加名词,[b]考试中往往就利用这个特点,总是给出相反的情况
例:Balloon observations for military intelligence[b] A B [b] were made while the American Civil War.[b] C D[b]分析:D错,应改为during。while是从属连词或并列连词,后面接句子,后面是名词短语时,应改为介词during。
例:Some of the most celebrated publicity stunts while the [b] A B C [b] history of radio were associated with Gracie Allen.[b] D[b]分析:C错,应改为in。while为连词,后面要求接从句,而句中显然没有从句,故根据题意改为介词in。
[b](四)对等连接词和近义的副词混用[b]连接平行结构的词叫做对等连接词,但是如果出现else, also, instead等副词把这些结构连接起来行不行呢?当然不行。
例:Mary McDowell shared Jane Addam"s interest in social [b] A [b] work also was a loyal supporter of the League of Nations.[b] B C D[b]分析:B错,应改为and。also是副词,不能连接并列的谓语动词,故改为并列连词and。
例:Paper is strong under tension instead crumples[b] A B C [b] easily under the stress of compression.[b] D[b]分析:C错,应改为but;题目意思是在拉力的作用下很强,而在压力的作用下容易起皱;instead, 副词不能连接两个动词并列,but 的对等连接词和and, or的用法是一样的
[b](五)表示人的名词和表示事物的词混用 例:An editor is customarily a brief newspaper or magazine [b] A B[b] article that gives personal comments on current events.[b] C D[b]分析:A错,应改为editorial。 editor的意思是“编辑”,根据题意改为名词editorial(社论)。
[b]例:For centuries, music have played acoustical guitars,[b] A[b] which produce sound from the vibration of the strings.[b] B C D[b]分析:A错,应改为musicians。music是抽象名词,意为“音乐”,不能表示复数要领显然应改为musicians(音乐家)。
(六) 只能用副词+数量词+名词;不能用形容词[b]nearly two hundred students, 这里nearly修饰的是200;[b]two hundred diligent students
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