一． 注意事项[b][b]好的语言组织；精准的词汇；句子结构的多样性；出众的想法；文章的长度；段落的数量（通常是五个）[b][b]二． 找出未经证实的假设[b]The argument requires___that /assumes without……[b][b]Clarification, confirmation, establishment, qualification,warrant[b][b]三． 找出错误。然后用逻辑的语言表达出来，通常作为topic sentence。根据每个topic sentence来组织每一段。最后将所有的段落连接起来，要注意使用连词，保证段落之间的过渡流畅。[b][b]四． 阅读文章的时候注意“绝对化”的语言！[b]常见的错误：False analogy; Hasty generalization; Assumption without confirmation[b][b]常用的句型：The arguer failed to demonstrate/convince us that (failed to provide adequate information)[b][b]the arguer assumes without confirmation that[b][b]it is totally possible that [b][b]draw a general conclusion about reliability on the basis of a sample that is likely to be biased[b][b]fails to acknowledge the possibility that [b][b]treat XXXX as XXXX[b][b]it proceeds as if a condition, XXXXX, is the only condition under which XXXX[b][b]No allowance is made[b][b]五． 错误分类[b]1. control experiment 特例否定“绝对”，但是否定不了“一般”[b]2. Hasty generalization[b]3. False analogy[b]4. Comparative Problem 平行比较、垂直比较、选择性比较[b]5. Evidence Practicality[b]6. False dilemma 比如，“either……or……”[b]7. No causal relationship 两件事情先后发生并不意味着二者之间有因果关系；两件事情之间有联系，并不意味着两件事情之间是因果关系；混淆了结果和效果[b][b][b]Issue Writing[b][b][b][b]文章写作要点：[b]1．第一段要表明立场，不能出现事例，但是可以出现让步[b]2．文章结构清晰，都有topic sentence[b]3．每段要有论据[b][b]学习要点[b]熟悉题库，掌握论证方法，限时/不限时的练习[b][b]一． 典型立场（要求立场鲜明）[b]1． 完全同意[b]2． 完全不同意[b]3． 部分同意[b]4． 部分反对[b]5． 折衷立场（尽量少用）[b][b]二． 文章结构（五段论）[b]1． 开头第一段，introduction[b]2． 结尾段，conclusion[b]3． 文章中间[b]平行式 三段 全部为正面例子[b]让步式 三段 第三段让步[b]对照式 两段[b][b]三． 文章格式[b]每段顶格写，每段间空两行（按两次回车），一行约为11个字[b][b]四． 注意事项[b]1． 使用standard English[b]2． 文体意识：议论文要客观，不出现感叹语气以及“！”“！？”等标点符号；不用you作为泛指，而用one或者a person等；尽可能少用we；不使用比喻和抒情句子，但是可以使用类比[b]3． 语言：避免陈词滥调，比如in my view（几乎每个人都用）[b]不用as we all know，过于口语化[b]不用more and more，用increasingly[b]绝对不用every coin has two sides(英语中没有这个谚语)[b]中国谚语不用，成语可以以讲故事的方式写明白[b]多用被动语态，表示客观[b]用无灵主语，比如it等，也就是说：不用I, you 这一类的[b]多用名词作主语[b]多用从句和插入成分[b][b]五，文章的开头[b][b]任务：讲明文章的论述内容，你的立场。最好文字比较引人入胜[b][b]常用类型[b]1． 回顾当前形势，表明立场[b]2． 阐明互相矛盾的两个观点，表明立场[b]3． 提出问题并给于一个答案，表明立场[b]4． 讲述一个趣闻，表明立场[b]5． 开门见山，直接表明立场[b]6． 引用谚语（不是中国的谚语）[b]例子：[b]1.Social progress, an indispensable part of human life whose meaning varies from place to place, has come to the sole standard of social well-being of people[b][b]Reputation, a term whose definition/an inevitable part of success which brings pride in its wake, may sometimes lead to downfall great heroes[b][b]2.Some argue/suggest/claim that ~~~~~while others maintain/insist that~~~~~[b][b]There is an on-going debate over~~~~~~. Some people who oppose ~~~suggest that ~~~~~ while others who advocate ~~~~~ would claim that ~~~~[b][b]3. the answer apparently lies not in ~~~~ but in ~~~~~[b][b]4. It is reported that in the latest issue of TIME that ~~~~~~[b][b]college professor, factory worker, office employee, business executive,这些可以用来举例[b][b]John——bright, talented, bound to success——ended up a plumber. “~~~~” he remarked, “~~~~~”. John’s case is a typical example of people who ( a typical situation in which)~~~~~~. There is variety of factors to explain his failure[b][b]五． 文章的正文[b][b]可以用来论证的材料：历史事实、统计数据（注意用奇数，而且要再加上自己的评论和分析）、普通的例子、引用权威的话语、某些逸闻趣事[b][b]例子：[b]History offers many examples ~~~~~[b]Past experience has taught people that ~~~~~~[b]Past two decades witnessed sweeping changes[b][b]One recent example involves ~~~~~~~~~[b][b]According to a recent survey conducted by ~~~~~~, 27% of college students ~~~~~~[b]The report indicates that ~~~~~~~~[b]A researcher at CSPS(Campus Students’ Problem Society) warns that ~~~~~[b][b]Professor A commented in his epoch-making masterpiece 书名，published in as early as 1993, that ~~~~~~(with slight abridgement/adjustment/edition of mine)(and I paraphrase). His remarks reveals a universal truth that ~~~~~~[b][b]As the Chinese philosopher Kongzi(known as his lantinized name as Confucius)[b][b]六． 文章的结尾[b]重述你的立场，总结你的立场成立的理由[b][b]这一段一定要简洁，言简意赅[b]例子：[b]表决心[b]it is high time/necessary/imperative that measures be taken to ~~~~~~~~~[b][b]提出警告[b]If the current situation is left unchecked, severe consequences ~~~~~~~~~[b][b][b]如何写好句子[b]1．-ing开头[b]Standing on the riverside, the master sighs: “May time go on and on like this, never ceasing day and night.”[b][b]Who, being innocent, has ever perished?[b][b]2.-ed开头[b]I, disappointed, yet not despaired, ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~[b][b]A gust of wind, all of a sudden, breaks the silence of lake[b][b]3. 同位成分[b]If he has the spirit of absolute selflessness, he is noble-minded and pure, a man of moral integrity[b][b]4.-ly开头[b]Quietly I take my leave[b]As quietly as I came here[b]Quietly I wave good-bye[b]To my clouds in the western sky[b][b]Admittedly, apparatently, amazingly, etc[b][b]5.to开头[b]to be humane is to be human[b][b]6.介词开头[b]on the contrary, if your enemy is hungry, feed him; if your enemy is thirsty, give him something to drink; in doing this you keep burning coals on his head[b][b]But man, despite all his riches, cannot endure[b][b]8. 从句开头[b]whoever digs a hole may fall into it