文章开头句型：I 对立法 II 现象法 III 观点法 IV 引用法 V　比较法 VI 故事法 VII 问题法 　　对立法 　　文章开头首先引出人们对要讨论的问题的不同看法，然后提出作者自己的不同看法，或偏向的那个看法。对立法的句型多用于有争议性的主题。 　　5　To the general public to most people in the popular mind in most people"s opinion .... But　despite/ in spite of /for all .... I believe....one should ... 　　5.1 In the popular mind, it is immediately assumed that when morals arediscussed, it is sexual morals that are meant. The morals of salesmen,doctors, and taxi drivers are only moderately interesting to the general public, while the relations between men and women are frequent themes innovels and movies, themes which no amount of repetition makes stale. Yet inspite of this immense preoccupation with sex, much attention should be drawnto the general moral standards. 　　当讨论起道德问题时，大多数人会立即认为是指性道德。一方面售货员、医生和出租车司机的职业道德不大为公众所关心，而另一方面男女间的关系却是小说和电影中经常出现的主题，再怎么不断重复也不会失去其新鲜感。因此尽管人们对性的题目津津乐道，我认为应注意整个道德水平。 　　5.2 To most Chinese parents, college is a place their children should go.And their children, for the most part, are also anxious to go. It is in Chinese tradition that there is something about a college that transfers anordinary child into a superior adult. But in spite of this belief, men andwomen who have been to college suspect that this is not the case. 　　大多数中国父母看来，大学是他们的子女应该去的地方。而他们的孩子在大多数情况下也渴望上大学。中国的传统观点是大学能把一个普普通通的孩子培养成一个超人一等的人。但是尽管人们有这个观点，凡是读过大学的人却认为情况并非如此。 　　6　Now a lot of the majority of many / most people believe /think /feel that....6　But although ... there is no / little evidence that it is questioned /doubted ... 　　6.1 A lot of people believe that television has a harmful effect on children. A few years ago, the same criticisms were made of the cinema. But although child psychologists have spent a great deal of time studying this problem, there is not much evidence that television brings about juvenile delinquency. 　　许多人都认为电视会给孩子带来危害。前几年，对电影也有类似的指责。然而尽管青少年心理学者花了许多时间来研究这个问题，却很少有证据表明电视造成了青少年犯罪。 　　6.2 Most people believe that our society of consumption creates the greatest happiness for the greatest number. Although this view is widely held, there is little evidence that money brings about happiness. Instead,we find our present way of life leads to increasing anxiety, helplessness,and, eventually, to the disintegration of our culture. I refuse to identify consumption with joy and fun with happiness. 　　许多人认为，我们这个消费社会给绝大多数人带来了最大的幸福。尽管人们普遍这样认为，却很少有证据表明钱能给人带来幸福。相反，我们发现，现在的全活方式使人越来越感到焦虑不安，孤立无援，最终导致我们文化的崩溃。我不认为消费就是快乐，玩乐就是幸福。 　　6.3 There is some feeling nowadays that reading is not as necessary as it once was. Radio and especially television have taken over many of the functions once served by print. Admittedly, television serves some of these functions extremely well; the visual communication of news events, for example, has enormous impact. The ability of radio to give us information while we are engaged in doing other things ------ for instance, driving a car　------ is remarkable, and a great saving of time. But it may be seriously questioned whether the advent of modern communications media has much enhanced our intellectual skills. 　　现在有些人觉得，阅读没有像过去那样有必要了。无线电广播，尤其电视已代替了曾经由印刷所起的许多作用。确实，电视极好地发挥了其中的一些功能，如新闻通过图像来传送有很大的影响。无线电广播能使我们边干事，如开车，边收听消息，真是了不起，且可节约许多时间。但是人们或许会认真发问，这些现代传播媒体的出现是否已提高了我们的知识技能。 　　7 .... In reaction/ response /answer to the　event/ phenomenon/ idea /question , some people saythink .... But do they realize...? 　　7.1 Now most people get their news and information about the things thatare happening at home and abroad from television. They believe the things they hear and see on television. Probably most of the information is true,and we can believe it. But shall we always believe the information which television gives us? Do we never suspect that the given information might beslanted, distorted or the truth totally denied? 　　现在大多数人都是从电视上知道国内外发生的事和新闻的。他们都相信在电视上看到和听到的事。大多数消息可能是真的，我们能相信。但是我们是否总是要相信电视给我们的消息呢？难道我们从不怀疑所给的消息可能有偏见，或已歪曲了，或真相已被彻底隐瞒了？ 　　7.2 In the past few years big business has fallen to a low level inpublic esteem. A recent Gallup poll shows that big business came in last, interms of the quality of the products, among all the enterprises which sell household appliances in Shanghai; at the top of the list were small businessor business from small towns. in response to the poll, many businessmen argue that this public attitude is due to the inadequacy of their advertising and can be cured by stepping up their advertising campaigns.They are only fooling themselves. Do they realize that the real problem fortheir loss of public respect is what they have been doing, not what they have been saying about themselves? 　　在过去几年里，大企业在公众中的信誉已下降到一个低水平。最近的盖洛普民意测验表明，就产品质量来说在上海出售家用电器的所有企业中，大企业位居榜末，而小企业或乡镇企业名列前茅。对此许多大企业人士认为公众的这种态度是由于广告宣传不够造成的，只要加大广告宣传声势，就会扭转局面。这是在自欺欺人。难道他们没有认识到失去公众信誉的真正问题在于他们所做的，而不是所说的？ 　　8　... is a popular/ wide spread /common method /way of..., but is it a fair/ wise/ reasonable　one? 　The /its method / way /values / wisdom is now being questioned/ challenged by more and more people. 　　8.1 Throwing criminals in jail is an ancient and wide spread method of punishment, but is it a wise one? It does seem reasonable to keep wrong doersin a place where they find fewer opportunities to hurt innocent people, and where they might discover that crime doesn"t pay. The system has long been considered fair and sound by those who want to see the guilty punished and society protected. Yet the values of this form of justice is now being questioned by more and more people. 　　把罪犯丢进监狱是个古老又被广泛采用的惩罚方法。但这个方法是否明智？把做坏事的人关在一个地方，使他们没有机会再损害无辜的人，使他们感到犯罪划不来，似乎确实有道理。这种制度一直被那些希望罪恶得到惩罚，社会得到保护的人视为公平而有效。但是这种司法形式的合理性现在正受到越来越多的人的质疑。 　　8.2 Required class attendance, like an old custom, is so common in in Chinese colleges and universities that many teachers and even students themselves simply assume it is a good thing. But is it a wise method? It does contribute to the rise in the number of students attending class. But is there any proven co-relation between attendance and performance in acourse? The values of required attendance is now being questioned by more and more teachers and students. 　　上课点名制，如同一种古老习俗，在中国的大学里非常普遍，许多教师甚至学生自己都认为这种做法是对的。但这种方法是否明智？上课点名确实有助于学生出勤率的上升，但是到教室上课和这个学生在这门课上的学习表现，两者之间是否已证实有联系？上课点名制度的合理性已受到越来越多的教师和学生的怀疑。 　　9　 These days we often hear about.... They claim/ argue/ say　that.... But has /is it? Close examination/ analysis/ scrutiny doesn"t bear out the claim/ argument. 　　9.1 These days we often hear about "the classless society". They say that all men are equal, and they can enjoy the same educational and job opportunities, and the distinction between rich and poor has lost. But has it? Close examination doesn"t bear out the claim. 　　近来我们一直听到关于“无阶级社会”的说法。他们称人人平等他们都享受同等的教育机会和工作机会；穷人和富人的界限已经消失。果真如此吗？略细分析一下，就证明这种观点站不住脚。 　　9.2 These days I have heard many exasperated students and working adults alike express a strong desire to take an English course and a computer course. They believe that such knowledge will enhance their job opportunities or promotion opportunities. But will it? The information I"ve collected over last few years leads me to believe that this knowledge may be less useful than most people think. 　　这些日子我听到不少因学习或工作而感到痛苦的学生和工人表示要上英语课或电脑课的强烈愿望。他们认为这些知识会增加他们找工作、晋级的机会。是这样吗？从我最近几年得到的材料来看，我认为这些知识并不像大多数人认为的那么有用。 　　10　We are often shown/ told these days that.... But is this really the case? 　　10.1 We are often told that technological know-how, acquired in exploring space, will be utilized to make life better on earth. Is this really the case? What has the space exploration done to relieve the suffering of the earth"s starving millions? In what way has it raised the standard of living of anyone of us? Man may put human beings on the moon, but there is growing skepticism about his ability to solve human problems closer to home. 　　我们经常听说在探索空间中获得的技术知识将用来改善我们地球上的人的生活。情况真的如此吗？太空探索对减轻地球上正在挨饿的千百万人的痛苦到底做了什么呢？它从什么方面提高了我们的生活水平呢？人类能够把人自己送上月球，但人们越来越怀疑其解决地球上人自己问题的能力。