[fwoods:上新东方的课的讲义，好像有点用，故将其输入，以方便各位G友。内容完全是杨鹏写的，与本人无关，呵呵，翻译是新东方软件里的（我用的是正版），我只是摘抄，错误也与我无关。本人10月19日考，欢迎联系fwoods@china.com ]
由于本人长期接触GRE的阅读文章，亲身经历过艰苦的学习过程，而且体验过考场上的紧张气氛，现在又从事GRE阅读的教学工作，除了对GRE有比较多的感受之外，更有着对GRE阅读的一些规律性的认识。
GRE阅读，包括数学和逻辑中的一些题干的一大特点，也就是一大难点，就是充斥着一些或很长、或很怪异的句子，我们称之为GRE难救。句子，作为任何阅读文章最基本的阅读单位，其重要性不言而喻。换句话说，句子读不懂，想要读懂文章，有如痴人说梦。可使GRE阅读中的句子之繁难，超出其他所有的英语考试的范畴，其长度更立人瞠目，往往读到句末，已经忘了前面在说些什么，令很多初学者困惑不已，不得不放弃真正读懂文章的想法。
然而，GRE难句绝非不可攻克，只要训练方法得当，并且能更每天半小时左右进行练习，GRE难句完全可以在一个月甚至几周内被攻破，而做到这点，对我们GRE考生的意义是伟大的：第一，所有的长句子之读一遍就懂，避免了反复阅读赵成的时间浪费，可以大大的提高大家的阅读速度；第二，可以顺利地作出几考中的高分题，因为与难句对应的阅读题，包括数学和逻辑中毒起来较难的题目，一定对应较高的分值；第三，可以增加阅读文章时的理解力，提高对文章整体的把握能力；第四，可以增加我们的自信心，产生一种阅读中的顺畅的愉快感，使我们在学习GRE中不再沉浸在一种烦躁的情绪之中，真正的与文章的内容和作者的的思路打交道。
GRE难句的由来：我们知道，GRE文章都摘自美国的科学杂志或学术论文。我曾经到网上去看过那些东西，往往结构简单，句子流畅，绝不难读。然而经过ETS改编和压缩之后，GRE句子变得句子冗长、结构复杂、信息量大，赵成读者的困难；因此GRE的难句完全是人为的东西。
GRE难句与文章内容的对应关系：我经过长期观察发现，GRE的各种文章中，句子的难度与文章的内容右移种对应关系，也就是文章的内容越简单，句子就越难；如生命科学和自然科学题材的文章，由于其内容较难，细节较多，因此句子较短，较容易，以降低难度；而文学评论和社会科学的文章，引起内容较少，作者态度较为明确，因而难句既多有南；我们很多考生因为无法读懂这些句子，反而认为这两种文章比生物、吴立文章更难。因此，对文学评论性文章比较害怕的同学们下一番功夫攻克GRE难句，就显得更为重要了。
GRE难句分析
分为四大类：
第一类：句子本不难，但是修饰成分多且长。1、从句（定语、状语、同位语从句等等）；2、介词短语修饰；3、分词修饰。经常是在同一个句子里既有从句又有介词短语，且都不止一个。
例：The methods that a community devises to perpetuate itself come into being to preserve aspects of the cultural legacy that that community perceives as essential.
翻译：一个社会设计出来保存自己的方法得以形成来保持那个社会认为最重要的一些方面。
读法：初级：读出主谓宾来。分析：主语：The methods; 谓语：com into being;不定式to引导表示目的状语。高级：直接读，见后。
考查能力：考查考生的大脑容量。
第二类：大段的插入与或同位语，大段读者的思路，割裂前后之间的语义，造成理解的困难。我们称之为“打岔”。
例：Moreover, I can feel strong emotions in response to objects of art that are interpretations, rather than representations, of reality.(LSAT)
读法：初级：跳过插入语 高级：直接读
查查能力：大脑容量+抗干扰能力
第三类：倒装：由于应该放在句首的成分太长，因此倒装到句末。也是一种人为现象。
例：That sex ratio will be favored which maximizes the number of descendants an individual will have and hence the number of gene copies transmitted.
读法：需要经过训练后才能按正常语序读。
正常语序：That sex ratio which maximizes the number of descendants that and individual will have and hence the sex retion which maximize the number of gene copies transmitted will be favered.
高级读法：直接读，见后：
考查能力：大脑的排序能力
第四类：省略：相对以上三种来讲比较简单，在短句中大家一般都可以看出。但是如果在场句中出现，特别是如果与以上三种之一甚至几种同时出现，也会给同学们带来很大的困难。如上例原句中的省略，在第二个the number of 前省略了"sex ration which maximizes"。
GRE难句训练法
训练方法：凡读过的GRE文章，凡有读一两遍不懂的句子，摘下或输入电脑：每天花半小时来读，读懂读顺为止；开始越窄越多，翟导20句以后，越窄越少，一个月后几乎没有了。这是可以达到高级读法：因为大脑已经熟悉了这4种难句的结构，因此可以预判和自动整理语序，除了太长的插入语之外（3行以上），均可以直接读下来。这里面的道理在于，人的大脑对于语言的处理方式是高度自动化的，一旦大脑熟悉了某种语言的结构，他就会对以这样的结构出现的语句进行自动的处理，哪怕句子是语序到的，你也能在瞬间知道其意思， 绝无混乱之感。
最令人头疼的倒装为例，举一个中文的例子，比如“如之奈何”依据，学过古文的同学都知道这实际上是“奈何如之”的倒装，意思是“如何来对付他？”然而读完“如之奈何”再把它恢复成正常语序“奈何如之”，才能理解其含义。这是初学古文的人的做法，真正看古文书的人不会这么读的。因为他天天都读这种语言，早已熟悉了这种结构，不管怎么看，他都知道这是在问怎么办的问题。你要问它为什么是这个意思，语法结构是怎么回事，它还可能真说不明白。
其实语言本身就是为了云在含义的，只要你明白句子的意思，其语法结构不提也罢。我们训练GRE难救，就是要达到上面所谈的这种高级读法的境界，直接读下来（除了3行以上的插入语），就知道句子的意思。当然，这种读法必须以反复的、针对难句的训练为前提。而已弹训练成功，ETS所考察你的种种大脑的能力也就通通无效了。GRE学习的一大秘诀，就在于把考场上考察你的难点和需要你花大量时间思考的东西兑换成考场下你的时间和努力。
注意：贵在坚持。GRE学习，当然也包括GRE难句的训练，都好比逆水行舟，不进则退。想要读懂GRE难句，必须坚持每天读，把每一个你再出来的句子彻底读通，读到这些句子就像是应该这样写、如果是你来写这些句子，你也要写一样。特别提一下，经过我的调查，凡是能够真正坚持用这种方法训练的同学，无一例外的都在数周之内，阅读能力和阅读速度都得到了大幅度的提高，兴奋地来找我，告诉我再没有完全读不懂的文章了。而大多数同学只练了几天就放弃了，实在可惜。其实如果真的能够每天都能认真地读上半小时，一个月之内，必有突破。而克服GRE难句，对于提高大家的逻辑单体、填空能力也至关重要。可以毫不夸张地说，只有克服了GRE难句，你的GRE学习才算真正入了门。
为了节省同学们宝贵的学习时间，我在俞敏洪校长之鼓励下，将GRE NO4-No9 21套题84篇文章及GRE国内题（90-94）14套56篇文章中的所有难句进行了摘录和分类，尽裂于此。由于绝大多数同学对需要留下最新体10套模考，过句子没有收录，且由于最新题阅读难度下降，其句子收录价值也十分有限。余日夜兼程，与完工只是，惊觉凡所录难句，恰100整。此数暗合Tofel语法之100难句，此天意也？
[fwoods:难句摘抄如下：配上了翻译，但是分类就费事加上去了，反正大家看了都知道属于哪种难句子，加上去无意义。录入和整理，我花了一晚上，好多错别字，大家海涵。]
That sex ratio will be
favored which maximizes the number of
descendants an individual will have and
hence the number of gene copies
transmitted.
那种性别比例能在最大程度上增加一个个体所能拥有的后代数量，并因此能在最大程度上增加所传递到后代身上去的基因复制品的数量。
Hardy's weakness derived from his
apparent inability to control the
(55) comings and goings of these divergent
impulses and from his unwillingness to
cultivate and sustain the energetic and
risky ones.
哈代的缺陷一方面缘起于他的某种明显的无能，无法控制好那结不尽相同的创作冲动的穿梭往来；另一方面缘起于他不愿意去培养和维持那些富于生机活力和风险性强的创作冲动。
Virginia Woolf's provocative
statement about her intentions in
(5) writing Mrs. Dalloway has regularly been
ignored by the critics, since it
highlights an aspect of her literary
interests very different from the
traditional picture of the "poetic"
(10) novelist concerned with examining states
of reverie and vision and with following
the intricate pathways of individual
consciousness.
弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫（Virginia Woolf）在创作《黛洛维夫人》（Mrs. Dalloway）时有关其创作意图的这番发人深思的陈述，迄今为止一贯为文学评论家们所忽略，因为它突出反映了她诸多文学兴趣中某一方面，而这一方面则与人们对“诗性”小说家（poetic novelist）所形成的传统见解大相径庭。所谓的“诗性”小说家，所关注的是审视想入非非和白日梦幻的诸般状态，并致力于追寻个体意识的通幽曲径。
Although Gutman admits
that forced separation by sale was
frequent, he shows that the slaves'
(30) preference, revealed most clearly on
plantations where sale was infrequent,
was very much for stable monogamy.
虽然古特曼承认，由于奴隶买卖而造成的被迫离散甚为频繁，但他还是证明，奴隶的偏爱——在那些奴隶买卖并不频繁的种植园上被最为显著地揭示出来——在很大程度上侧重于稳定的一夫一妻制（monogamy）。
Gutman argues convincingly that the
stability of the Black family encouraged
the transmission of-and so was crucial
in sustaining-the Black heritage of
folklore, music, and religious
(45) expression from one generation to
another, a heritage that slaves were
continually fashioning out of their
African and American experiences.
古特曼人令人信服地论辨道，黑人家庭的稳定有助于包括民间传说、音乐、及宗教表达在内的黑人文化遗产一代一代传递下去，因而在维持文化遗产方面也起着至关重要的作用，而对于这种文化遗产，黑奴们不断地从其非洲和美洲的经历中予以丰富发展。
This preference for exogamy,
Gutman suggests, may have derived from
West African rules governing marriage,
which, though they differed from one
tribal group to another, all involved
(60) some kind of prohibition against unions
with close kin.
古特曼表示，这种对于外部通婚的偏爱很有可能缘起于西部非洲制约着婚姻的规定，尽管这些规定在一个和另一个部落群体之间不尽相同，但都涉及到某种对近亲联姻（union with close kin）的禁止。
His thesis works
relatively well when applied to
discrimination against Blacks in the
United States, but his definition of
(10) racial prejudice as "racially-based
negative prejudgments against a group
generally accepted as a race in any
given region of ethnic competition," can
be interpreted as also including
(15) hostility toward such ethnic groups as
the Chinese in California and the Jews
in medieval Europe.
该社会学家的命题当被应用于针对美国黑人的歧视时，相对而言尚能适用，但他对种族偏见所下的定义——即“以种族为基础的、针对某个群体的消级的先入之见，而该群体在任何特定的种族竞争地区则被普遍认作一种族”——可被理解成同样也襄括了针对加利福尼亚州的中国人以及中世纪的犹太人这样一些种族群体的敌视态度。
Such variations in size, shape,
(5) chemistry, conduction speed, excitation
threshold, and the like as had been
demonstrated in nerve cells remained
negligible in significance for any
possible correlation with the manifold
(10) dimensions of mental experience.
??
Although
qualitative variance among nerve
energies was never rigidly disproved,
(30) the doctrine was generally abandoned
in favor of the opposing view, namely,
that nerve impulses are essentially
homogeneous in quality and are
transmitted as "common currency"
(35) throughout the nervous system.
Other experiments revealed slight
variations in the size, number,
arrangement, and interconnection of the
nerve cells, but as far as psychoneural
(55) correlations were concerned, the obvious
similarities of these sensory fields to each
other seemed much more remarkable
than any of the minute differences.
Although some experiments show that, as
an object becomes familiar, its internal
representation becomes more holistic and
the recognition process correspondingly
(25) more parallel, the weight of evidence
seems to support the serial hypothesis,
at least for objects that are not
notably simple and familiar.
虽然某些实
验表明，随着一个物体变得熟悉起来，其内心再现图像亦更具整体感，辨认过程相应地更趋于平行，但证据的砝码似乎在支持序列假设（serial hypothesis），至少是对于那些不甚简单、不甚熟悉的物体来说。
In large part as a consequence of
the feminist movement, historians have
focused a great deal of attention in
recent years on determining more
(5) accurately the status of women in
various periods.
在很大程度上，由于女权主义运动（feminist movement）的缘故，史学家近年来汇聚了大量的注意力，来更为准确地确定妇女在各个历史时期的地位。
Thus, for
instance, it may come as a shock to
mathematicians to learn that the
Schrodinger equation for the hydrogen
(30) atom is not a literally correct
description of this atom, but only
an approximation to a somewhat more
correct equation taking account of
spin, magnetic dipole, and relativistic
(35) effects; and that this corrected
equation is itself only an imperfect
approximation to an infinite set of
quantum field-theoretical equations.
因此，举例来说，对数学家而言，了解到下述情形可能会令其惊愕不已，即薛定谔Schrodinger）的氢原子方程式并非是对该原子作出的一种绝然正确的描述，而仅仅是个近似值，趋近于一个在某种程度上更为正确的将自旋、磁性偶极子、以及相对论效应考虑在内的方程式；而这个得以纠正的方程式就其本身而言也只是一个不完美的近似值，趋近于无穷无尽的一整套量子场论方程式。
The physicist rightly dreads precise
argument, since an argument that is
convincing only if it is precise loses
(75) all its force if the assumptions on
which it is based are slightly changed,
whereas an argument that is convincing
though imprecise may well be stable
under small perturbations of its
(80) underlying assumptions.
物理学家恐惧于那些精确无误的论据不无道理，因为某种只有在它是精确无误的条件下才令人置信的论据，一旦它赖于建立其上的假设稍有变化，便会失去它一部的作用；而与此相反，一个尽管并不精确无误但却令人置信的论据，在其基本假设（underlyingassumption）稍微受干扰的情况下，仍然有可能是站得住脚的。
However, as they
gained cohesion, the Bluestockings came
(50) to regard themselves as a women's group
and to possess a sense of female
solidarity lacking in the salonnieres,
who remained isolated from one another
by the primacy each held in her own
(55) salon.
起初，蓝袜女们确实模仿了法国沙龙女主人，将男性襄括到其小圈子中来。然则，随着她们获得的凝聚力，她们渐趋将自己视作一女性团体，并拥有了一种妇女团结意识，而这种意识在法国沙龙女主人身上则荡然无存，因为她们每个人在其自己的沙龙中自视甚高而彼此孤立隔绝开来。
As my own studies have
advanced, I have been increasingly
impressed with the functional
similarities between insect and
(10) vertebrate societies and less so with
the structural differences that seem,
at first glance, to constitute such an
immense gulf between them.
随着我的研究不断深入，我对昆虫和脊椎动物群落之间的功能类似性印象愈来愈深刻，而对结构上的差异印象愈发淡漠，虽然这些结构上的差异初看上去似乎构成了二者间一条无法愈越的鸿沟。
Although fiction assuredly springs from
(15) political circumstances, its authors react
to those circumstances in ways other than
ideological, and talking about novels
and stories primarily as instruments of
ideology circumvents much of the fictional
(20) enterprise.
虽然小说无疑起源于政治情状，但其作者则是以非意识形态的方式对这些政治情状 作出反应的，而将小说和故事主要地当作意识形态的工具来探讨，会在相当程度上阻碍小说事业。
Is
this a defect, or are the authors working
out of, or trying to forge, a different
(60) kind of aesthetic?
这究竟是一种缺陷呢，或者是否表明，这些作者是在按照一种与众不同的美学体系进行创作，抑或是在试图创立一种与众不同的美学体系？
Black Fiction surveys a wide variety of
novels, bringing to our attention in the
process some fascinating and
(75) little-known works like James Weldon
Johnson's Autobiography of an Ex-
Colored Man.
《黑人小说》考察了极为广泛的一系列小说，在此过程中让我们注意到了某些引人入胜但却鲜为人知的作品，如詹姆斯·韦尔登·约翰逊（Jameseldon Johnson）的《一个曾经是有色人的自传》（Autobiography of an Ex-ColoredMan）。
Although these molecules
(5) allow radiation at visible wavelengths,
where most of the energy of sunlight is
concentrated, to pass through, they
absorb some of the longer-wavelength,
infrared emissions radiated from the
(10) Earth's surface, radiation that would
otherwise be transmitted back into
space.
虽然这些分子允许可见波长（visible wavelength）的辐射——阳光的绝大部分能量就汇集于此——不受阻挡地穿透，但它们却会吸收某些较长波长（longer-wavelength），亦即从地球表面辐射出的红外发射（infrared cmission），这种辐射若不是二氧化碳的缘故就会被重新输送回太空。
The role those anthropologists
(5) ascribe to evolution is not of dictating
the details of human behavior but one
of imposing constraints—ways of
feeling, thinking, and acting that
"come naturally" in archetypal situations
(10) in any culture.
这些人类学家所归诸于生物进化的作用，不是规定人类行为的种种细节，而是将各种限制强加于人类——即在任何文化的典型情景中都会“自然表露”的情感、思维、以及行动方式。
A low
number of algal cells in the presence
(10) of a high number of grazers suggested,
but did not prove, that the grazers
had removed most of the algae.
在存在大量食草动物的同时却只有少量的水藻花粉囊，这暗示出——但没能证明——食草动物已吞噬了大部分水藻。
Studies by Hargrave and
Geen estimated natural community graz-
ing rates by measuring feeding rates of
individual zooplankton species in the
laboratory and then computing community
(55) grazing rates for field conditions
using the known population density
of grazers.
由哈格雷夫（Hargrave）和吉恩（Geen）所进行的研究，对自然条件下的群落食草比例进行了估计，其手段是通过测量出实验室内单独的浮游动物种类的结食比例，然后利用已知的食草动物种群密度，计算出实地状况下的群落食草比例。
In the periods
of peak zooplankton abundance, that is,
in the late spring and in the summer,
Haney recorded maximum daily com-
(70) munity grazing rates, for nutrient-poor
lakes and bog lakes, respectively,
of 6.6 percent and 114 percent of daily
phytoplankton production.
在浮游动物数量激增的高峰期，亦即在春季后期以及夏季，哈尼记录了最大程度上的每日群落食草比率，对于营养物不充足的湖和沼泽湖而言，分别为每日浮游植物繁殖量的6.6%和114%。
The
hydrologic cycle, a major topic in this
science, is the complete cycle of
phenomena through which water passes,
beginning as atmospheric water vapor,
(10) passing into liquid and solid form as
precipitation, thence along and into
the ground surface, and finally again
returning to the form of atmospheric
water vapor by means of evaporation and
(15) transpiration.
水文循环（hydrologic cycle），作为该学科中的一个主要课题，指的是水所经过的诸现象的整个循环过程，开始时是作 为大气中的水蒸气，转而作为雨、雪、露、雹一类的降水量经过液体和固体形态，由此而沿着地层表面分布或进入地层表面，最终通过蒸发和散发作用再度回复到大气水蒸气的形态。
Only when a system possesses natural
or artificial boundaries that associate
the water within it with the hydrologic
cycle may the entire system properly be
(30) termed hydrogeologic.
只有当某一地质系统拥有自然的或人工的界限，将该系统内的水与水文循环起来，这整个系统方能被恰当地称为与水文地质学相关。
The historian Frederick J. Turner
wrote in the 1890's that the agrarian
discontent that had been developing
steadily in the United States since
(5) about 1870 had been precipitated by the
closing of the internal frontier--that
is, the depletion of available new land
needed for further expansion of the
American farming system.
史学家弗雷德里克·杰·特纳（Frederick J.Turner）于十九世纪九十年代著述道，美国约自18世纪70年代以来一直在持续不断发展的农民不满，由于国内边远地区（internal frontier）的封闭而更趋加剧——亦即是说，美国农业系统进一步扩展所必需的可资利用的新土地几近耗竭。
In the early 1950's, historians who
studied preindustrial Europe (which we
may define here as Europe in the period
from roughly 1300 to 1800) began, for
(5) the first time in large numbers, to
investigate more of the preindustrial
European population than the 2 or 3
percent who comprised the political
and social elite: the kings, generals,
(10) judges, nobles, bishops, and local
magnates who had hitherto usually
filled history books.
二十世纪五十年代早期，研究前工业化时代欧洲（此处我们可将其界定为约自1300年至1800年这一时期的欧洲）的史学家，首次以众多的人数，开始调查前工业化时代欧洲人口中的大多数，而非那些构成了政治与社会精英阶层的百分之二或三的人口，即国王、将军、法官、贵族、主教、以及地方上的达官显贵，而正是这部分人一直到那时为止普遍充斥于史学著作。
Historians such as Le Roy Ladurie
have used the documents to extract case
histories, which have illuminated the
attitudes of different social groups
(40) (these attitudes include, but are not
confined to, attitudes toward crime and
the law) and have revealed how the
authorities administered justice.
象勒罗伊·拉迪里（Le Roy Ladurie）一类的史学家利用这些文献史料从中挖掘出某些个案史（case history）来，阐明了不同社会群体的态度（这些态度包括，但并非局限于，对犯罪和法律的态度），并揭示出当局是如何执行审判的。
My point is that its central
consciousness—its profound
(20) understanding of class and gender
as shaping influences on people's
lives—owes much to that earlier
literary heritage, a heritage that,
in general, has not been sufficiently
(25) valued by most contemporary literary
critics.
我的论点是，其作品的中心意识——它将阶级和性别作为人们生活的决定性影响而作出的深邃理解——在很大程度上借鉴了那个早期的文学遗产，而这一遗产就总体而言还尚未获得大多数当代文学评论家的足够重视。
But achieving
necessary matches in physical properties
across interfaces between living and
nonliving matter requires knowledge of
(20) which molecules control the bonding of
cells to each other—an area that we
have not yet explored thoroughly.
但是，要想沿着原生和非原生物质之间的界面获取生理特性的必要匹配，需要某种知识，即什么样的分子控制着细胞彼此间的结合——而对这一领域，我们尚未进行充分的探索。
Islamic law is a phenomenon so
different from all other forms of
(5) law—notwithstanding, of course, a
considerable and inevitable number of
coincidences with one or the other
of them as far as subject matter and
positive enactments are concerned—that
(10) its study is indispensable in order to
appreciate adequately the full range of
possible legal phenomena.
伊斯兰法是一种如此不同于所有其它法律形式的现象——毋庸置疑，尽管就其主要内容和有积极意义的法规而言，与其它法律形式中的这种或那种形式存在着相当数量的且不可避免的巧合相似之处——以致于对它进行研究便显得不可或缺，以便充分理解有可能存在的法律现象的全部范围。
Though
(20) historically there is a discernible
break between Jewish law of the
sovereign state of ancient Israel and
of the Diaspora (the dispersion of Jewish
people after the conquest of Israel),
(25) the spirit of the legal matter in later
parts of the Old Testament is very close
to that of the Talmud, one of the
primary codifications of Jewish law in
the Diaspora.
尽管从历史角度来看，在古代以色列作为独立主权国家的犹太教法与大流散时期（Diaspora，即以色列被征服后古代犹太人被巴比伦人逐出故土）的犹太教法之间存在着一个明晰可辨的断裂，然则，《旧约全书》（Old Testament）后半部分中法律内容的精神与《犹太教法典》（Talmud）
极为一脉相承，而所谓的《犹太教法典》，是指大流散时期犹太教法的主要典籍辑录之一。
Islam, on the other hand,
(30) represented a radical breakaway from the
Arab paganism that preceded it; Islamic
law is the result of an examination
from a religious angle, of legal subject
matter that was far from uniform,
(35) comprising as it did the various
components of the laws of pre-Islamic
Arabia and numerous legal elements
taken over from the non-Arab peoples
of the conquered territories.
另一方面，伊斯兰教则代表着与此前存在的阿拉伯异教（Arab paganism）的一种根本上的决裂；伊斯兰法是从宗教的角度，对各种杂乱无章、绝无共同点的法律内容进行考察所致的结果，而这些法律内容实际上是由前伊斯兰阿拉伯国家（Pre-Islamic Arabia）法律的不尽相同的组成部分以及由从被征服的土地上非阿拉伯民族借鉴过来的无数法律因素所构成。
One such novel idea is
that of inserting into the chromosomes
(25) of plants discrete genes that are not
a part of the plants' natural constitution:
specifically, the idea of inserting into
nonleguminous plants the genes, if they
can be identified and isolated, that fit
(30) the leguminous plants to be hosts for
nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Hence, the
intensified research on legumes.
这其中的一个新颖思想就是，在植物的染色体（chromosome）内注入并非是该植物自然构造一个部分的那些不相关联的因基：具体而言，这一思想是，在非豆科植物内注入这样一些基因，倘若这些基因可被辨识出来并被分离开来，而这些基因业已使豆科植物宜于充当那些具备固氮作用的细菌的寄主。由此，对豆科植物的研究日趋深入。
It is
one of nature's great ironies that the
availability of nitrogen in the soil
(40) frequently sets an upper limit on plant
growth even though the plants' leaves
are bathed in a sea of nitrogen gas.
下述情形真可谓是自然界的一个莫大讽刺：土壤中所能获得的氮肥量往往对植物的生长构成了一个上限，虽然植物的叶子被沐浴在一片氮气的海洋中。
Unless they succeed, the
yield gains of the Green Revolution will
(70) be largely lost even if the genes in
legumes that equip those plants to enter
into a symbiosis with nitrogen fixers
are identified and isolated, and even if
the transfer of those gene complexes,
(75) once they are found, becomes possible.
除非他们能取得成功，不然的话，绿色革命的产量收益将在很大程度上损失殆尽，即使豆科植物中使这些植物有条件进入到与固氮细菌共生关系的基因可被辨识出来和分离开来的话，且即使这些基因综合体（gene complex），一旦被发现之后，其移植得以成为可能的话。
Its subject
(to use Maynard Mack's categories) is
"life-as-spectacle," for readers,
diverted by its various incidents,
observe its hero Odysseus primarily
(10) from without; the tragic Iliad, however,
presents "life-as-experience": readers
are asked to identify with the mind of
Achilles, whose motivations render him
a not particularly likable hero.
其主题〔若借鉴梅纳德·迈克（Maynard Mack）的两个分类范畴的话〕是“人生作为外部景象”，因为读者的注意力被作品那形形色色的事件所分散，主要是从外部来观察其主人公奥德修斯（Odyssus）的；然而，富于悲剧色彩的《伊利亚特》所表现的则是“人生作为内心体验”：
读者被要求与阿基琉斯（Achilles）的心灵产生共鸣，而其行为动机却致使他变作一个并非特别惹人喜爱的主人公。
Most striking among the
many asymmetries evident in an adult
flatfish is eye placement: before
maturity one eye migrates, so that in
(10) an adult flatfish both eyes are on the
same side of the head.
在一条成年比目鱼身上显著存在的诸多不对称（asymmetry）特征中，最为吸人注目的是眼睛的摆位：在成年之前，一只眼睛发生移动，因此在成年比目鱼身上，两只眼睛均位于头部的同一侧面。
The best
evidence for the layered-mantle thesis
is the well-established fact that
volcanic rocks found on oceanic islands,
islands believed to result from mantle
(10) plumes arising from the lower mantle,
are composed of material fundamentally
different from that of the midocean
ridge system, whose source, most
geologists contend, is the upper mantle.
对于地幔分层论点来说，最好的证据乃这样一个确认的事实，即在那些海洋岛屿——这些岛屿据信是源于由下层地幔升上来的地幔柱状溶岩流（mantle plume）——上发现的火山岩石，是由与海洋中部山脊系统的物质根本不同的物质构成的，而这一海洋中部山脊系统的成因，大多数地质学家论辩道，为上部地幔。 Some geologists, however, on the basis
of observations concerning mantle
xenoliths, argue that the mantle is
not layered, but that heterogeneity is
created by fluids rich in "incompatible
(20) elements" (elements tending toward
liquid rather than solid state)
percolating upward and transforming
portions of the upper mantle
irregularly, according to the vagaries
(25) of the fluids' pathways.
但是，某些地质学家，以对地幔捕虏岩体（xenolith）所作的观察为依据，指出地幔并非是分层排列的，相反，地幔的异质性是由那些富含“不相容成分”的流质构成的，这些成分趋向于流体而非固体的状态，自下而上渗透扩散，并依照这些流质流向的任意性，不规则地将上部地幔的某些部分予以改变。
The
(50) very richness and complexity of the
meaningful relationships that kept
presenting and rearranging themselves
on all levels, from abstract intelligence
to profound dreamy feelings, made it
(55) difficult for Proust to set them out
coherently.
各种有意义的联系在所有的层次上，自抽象的理性至深刻的梦幻般的情感，层出不穷并不断重新组合排列；正是这些有意义的联系的丰富性和复杂性，致使普鲁斯特难于将它们错落有致地安排好。
t is possible to make
(40) specific complementary DNA's (cDNA's)
that can serve as molecular probes to
seek out the messenger RNA's (mRNA's)
of the peptide hormones. If brain cells
are making the hormones, the cells will
(45) contain these Mrna'S. If the products
the brain cells make resemble the
hormones but are not identical to them,
then the cDNA's should still bind to
these mRNA's, but should not bind as
(50) tightly as they would to mRNA's for the
true hormones.
科学家可以制造出特异的（specific）互补DNA's（cDNA's），以此作为分子探子（molecular probe），探觅出肽激素的信使RNA's（mRNA's）。如果大脑正在制造着肽激素，则细胞就会含有这些信使RNA's。假若细胞所制造的产品类似于肽激素但并非与这些肽激素全然相同，那么，互补cDNA's应仍然和这些信使mDNA's粘结的程度。含有这些mRNA's的脑细胞然后就可以被分离开来，研究者可对其信使RNA's进行解码，以确定它们的蛋白质产品究竟是什么，并确定这些蛋白质产品在何种程度上类似于真正的肽激素。
The molecular approach to detecting
peptide hormones using cDNA probes
should also be much faster than the
(60) immunological method because it can
take years of tedious purifications
to isolate peptide hormones and then
develop antiserums to them.
采用cDNA探子来测定肽激素的这一分子生物学方法同时也应该比免疫学的方速度来得快，因为对于免疫的方法来说，需耗费好几年枯燥的提纯进程，方能将肽素分离了出来，然后再培养出针对它们的抗血清。
This succession was
(50) based primarily on a series of deposits
and events not directly related to
glacial and interglacial periods, rather
than on the more usual modern method
of studying biological remains found
(55) in interglacial beds themselves
interstratified within glacial deposits.
这一序列演替（succession）所依据的，主要是一系列与冰川期和间冰期并不直接相关的地质沉积物和地质事件，而不是依据更为 普遍的现代方法，去研究间冰层（interglacial bed）中所发现的生物残留物，而这些间冰层本身又在冰川沉积物发生间层化（interstatified）。
There have
(5) been attempts to explain these taboos
in terms of inappropriate social
relationships either between those
who are involved and those who are
not simultaneously involved in the
(10) satisfaction of a bodily need, or
between those already satiated and
those who appear to be shamelessly
gorging.
人们试图对这些禁忌作出解释，所依据的要么是那些正置身于某一身体需要满足的人与那些并置身于某一身体需要之满足的人之间的，要么是那些早已酒足饭饱的人与那些正在不知羞耻地狼吞虎咽失之间的不相称的社会关系。
Many critics of Family Bronte's
novel Wuthering Heights see its second
part as a counterpoint that comments on,
if it does not reverse, the first part,
(5) where a "romantic" reading receives more
confirmation.
研究艾米丽·勃朗特（Emily Bronte）小说《呼啸山庄》（Wuthering Heights）的许多文学评论家，将小说的第二部分视作一种对比物，即使没有将第一部分予以逆转的话，也是在对第一部分作出一种诠释评判，而在小说第一部分中，一种“浪漫的”的读解能获得更为充分的确证。
Granted that the presence
of these elements need not argue an
authorial awareness of novelistic
construction comparable to that of
Henry James, their presence does
(15) encourage attempts to unify the novel's
heterogeneous parts.
诚然，这些因素的存在并不能证明作者对小说架构的 意识可与亨利·詹姆斯（Henry James）的那种意识相比拟；然则，任何力图将小说所有形形色色的因素统一起来的做法，在某种程度上注定是无法令人信服的。
This
(20) is not because such an interpretation
necessarily stiffens into a thesis
(although rigidity in any interpretation
of this or of any novel is always a
danger), but because Wuthering Heights
(25) has recalcitrant elements of undeniable
power that, ultimately, resist
inclusion in an all-encompassing
interpretation.
这倒不是因为这样的一种解释必定会僵化成为一个命题（尽管对这部或任何一部小说的解释中，僵化死板总是一种危险），而是因为《呼啸山庄》拥有一些极难驾御的因素，以其无可辩驳的力度，最终拒绝被囿于一个囊括无遗的解释中。
The isotopic composition of
(65) lead often varies from one source of
common copper ore to another, with
variations exceeding the measurement
error; and preliminary studies indicate
virtually uniform is topic composition
(70) of the lead from a single copper-ore
source.
铅的同位素构成经常在一种普通铜矿石来源与另一种铜矿石来源之间存在差异，其差异程度超出测量误差；而最初的研究表明，对于来自单独一个铜矿石来源的铅来说，其同位素构成几乎是毫无二致的。
More
probable is bird transport, either
externally, by accidental attachment of
(20) the seeds to feathers, or internally, by
the swallowing of fruit and subsequent
excretion of the seeds.
更有可能的是鸟类运输：或者是通过外部途径，即由于种籽偶然粘附在羽毛上；或者是通过内部方式，即由于鸟类吞食果子并随后将种籽排泄出来。
It is
not known how rare this resemblance is,
or whether it is most often seen in
inclusions of silicates such as garnet,
(25) whose crystallography is generally
somewhat similar to that of diamond;
but when present, the resemblance is
regarded as compelling evidence that
the diamonds and inclusions are truly
(30) cogenetic.
现在尚不知这种类似稀少到何种地步，也不知道是否它最常见于象石榴石一类的硅酸盐内含物中，而这类物质的晶体结构普遍地在 某种程度上类似于金刚石的晶体结构。但一旦存在，这种类似就被视作极有说服力的证据，证明金刚石与内含物确是同源的。
Even the "radical" critiques
of this mainstream research model,
such as the critique developed in
Divided Society, attach the issue of
(30) ethnic assimilation too mechanically
to factors of economic and social
mobility and are thus unable to
illuminate the cultural subordination
of Puerto Ricans as a colonial minority.
即使是对这一主流研究模型的“激进”批评，诸如《分裂的社会》（Divided Society）一书中所提出的那种批判，亦将少数民族同化问题过分机构地与经济和社会移动性的因素联系起来，因此无从阐明波多黎各人作为一个殖民地少数民族的文化从属关系。
They are called
virtual particles in order to
(20) distinguish them from real particles,
whose lifetimes are not constrained
in the same way, and which can be
detected.
它们被称为“虚粒子”（virtualparticle），以便与实粒子（real particle）区分开来，而实粒子则不会以这种方 式受到制约，并且其存在可得以测定。
它们被称为“虚粒子”（virtualparticle），以便与实粒子（real particle）区分开来，而实粒子则不会以这种方式受到制约，并且其存在可得以测定。
Other theorists propose that the Moon
(15) was ripped out of the Earth's rocky
mantle by the Earth's collision with
another large celestial body after
much of the Earth's iron fell to its
core.
其他的理论家提出，在地球的大部分铁沉入到地核之后，由于地球与另一个庞大的天体发生碰撞，月亮便从地球那石质的地幔中撕裂开来而形成的。 Thus, what in
contrast to the Puritan colonies
appears to Davis to be peculiarly
Southern— acquisitiveness, a strong
(70) interest in politics and the law, and
a tendency to cultivate metropolitan
cultural models— was not only more
typically English than the cultural
patterns exhibited by Puritan
(75) Massachusetts and Connecticut, but
also almost certainly characteristic
of most other early modern British
colonies from Barbados north to Rhode
Island and New Hampshire.
因此，那些与（北方）清教殖民地形成鲜明对比、并在戴维斯教授的心目中显得具有特殊南方色彩的特征——占有欲、对政治和法律的浓厚兴趣、以及培养大都市文化模式的倾向——不仅仅要比清教的马萨诸塞州和康乃涅克州所展现出来的文化模式更具有典型的英国色彩，并且几乎毫无疑问地构成了绝大多数其它早期近代英国殖民地的特征，从巴巴多斯北至罗得岛和新罕布什尔州。
A
very specialized feeding adaptation
in zooplankton is that of the
tadpolelike appendicularian who lives
in a walnut-sized (or smaller) balloon
(10) of mucus equipped with filters that
capture and concentrate phytoplankton.
浮游动物体内一种极特殊的进食适应性变化是蝌蚪状的尾海鞘纲动物（appendicularian）的那种适应性变化，而尾海鞘纲动物则存活于核桃大小（或更小）的黏液球囊内，装备有过滤器，用以捕捉和集中浮游植物。
These
historians, however, have analyzed
(10) less fully the development of
specifically feminist ideas and
activities during the same period.
但是，这些史学家还不曾充分地分析同一时期中那些具体的女权主义思想和活动的发展。
When the core of
a giant star whose mass surpasses 1.4
(5) times the present mass of our Sun (M⊙)
exhausts its nuclear fuel, it is
unable to support its own weight and
collapses into a tiny neutron star.
当一颗质量超过我们的太阳目前质量（M☉）1.4倍的巨星的内核耗竭其核燃料时，它便无法支撑自身的重量，并收缩成为一颗小型中子星（neutronstar）。
This is so
even though the armed forces operate
in an ethos of institutional change
oriented toward occupational equality
and under the federal sanction of
(15) equal pay for equal
即使武装部队是在一种趋向于职业平等的体制变革的精神下并在联邦政府同工同酬（equal pay for equal work）的鼓励下运作的，情况亦是如此。
Not only
are liver transplants never rejected,
but they even induce a state of
(20) donor-specific unresponsiveness in
which subsequent transplants of other
organs, such as skin, from that
donor are accepted permanently.
但是，我们已经发现，在许多种老鼠之间，这些移植法的“常规”并没有被肝脏移植物所遵循。肝脏移植物非但从没遭到过排斥，甚至还诱发了一种供者特异性无应答状态（donor-specific unresponsiveness），在此状态中，随后来自那个供者其它器官的移植物，如皮肤，会永久地被接受。
While the new
doctrine seems almost certainly
correct, the one papyrus fragment
raises the specter that another may be
(70) unearthed, showing, for instance, that
it was a posthumous production of the
Danaid tetralogy which bested
Sophocles, and throwing the date once
more into utter confusion.
数据资料已被统计出来，或被重新统计出来，以便证明在文体学这方面，《乞援衰女》实际上确实在《波斯人》和《七雄攻忒拜》（后两者现在则变成了“原始”的剧作）之后以及在轴残片却唤起了一种幽灵似的疑虑，即另一块残片有可能再度被挖掘出来，并证明，比如说，《乞援衰女》是作者藉以击败索福克勒斯的《达那特四部曲》的一部死后出版之作，从而将创作年代再度置于极度的混乱之中
The methods that a community
devises to perpetuate itself come into
(20) being to preserve aspects of the
cultural legacy that that community
perceives as essential.
一个社会所
创造出来藉以使其自身生生不息、恒久不衰的方法得以形成产生，以保存在这个社会看具有本质意义的文化遗产的各个方面。
Because the potential
(10) hazards pollen grains are subject to as
they are transported over long distances
are enormous, windpollinated plants have,
in the view above, compensated for the
ensuing loss of pollen through
(15) happenstance by virtue of producing an
amount of pollen that is one to three
orders of magnitude greater than the
amount produced by species pollinated
by insects.
由于花粉粒在其长距离的运输过程中所要面临的潜在危险是巨大的，按上述观点来看，由风授粉的植物补偿了通过偶发事件而伴随造成的花粉损失。其途径是，制造出大于昆虫授粉的植物种类
所产生的花粉量的一至三个数量级的花粉量。
For example, the spiral arrangement of
scale-bract complexes on ovule-bearing
pine cones,where the female reproductive
(65) organs of conifers are located, is
important to the production of airflow
patterns that spiral over the cone's
surfaces, thereby passing airborne pollen
from one scale to the next.
例如，带有胚珠的松球的鳞苞综合体的螺旋状安排，亦即松柏目植物雌性殖器官的所在位置，对于气流模式的形成与产生殊为重要，而这些气流模式在松球的表现盘旋上升，从而把在空气中飞行的花粉从一个鳞苞传播至下一个鳞苞。
It was not the
change in office technology, but rather
the separation of secretarial work,
previously seen as an apprenticeship for
(45) beginning managers, from administrative
work that in the 1880's created a new
class of "dead-end" jobs, thenceforth
considered "women's work."
十九世纪八十年代，产生了新的一类“没前途”的职业，这并不是因为办公室技术发生了改变，而是由于秘书工作——在此之前被视作是初起步的经理们的一种习见训练——与行政工作的分离。自此以后，这类“没前途”的职业便被视作是“女人的工作。”
The increase
in the numbers of married women emp-
(50) loyed outside the home in the twentieth
century had less to do with the
mechanization of housework and an
increase in leisure time for these women
than it did with their own economic
(55) necessity and with high marriage rates
that shrank the available pool of single
women workers, previously, in many
cases, the only women employers would
hire.
二十世纪已婚妇女在家庭以外就业的人数不断增加，这与家务的机械化及这些妇女闲暇时间的增加并无多大联系，更多地是与妇女自身的经济需要和高婚姻率相关。高婚姻率致使所能雇佣的单身女工的总量缩减，而在此之前的许多情形中，单身女性则是雇主们所愿雇佣的唯一—一类妇女。
In order to understand the nature of
the ecologist's investigation, we may
think of the density-dependent effects
on growth parameters as the "signal"
ecologists are trying to isolate and
(65) interpret, one that tends to make the
population increase from relatively low
values or decrease from relatively high
ones, while the density-independent
effects act to produce "noise" in the
(70) population dynamics.
为了能理解生态学家们所从事的研究的性质，我们可以把那些作用于增长参数的密度依赖效应视作生态学家们力图将其分离并予以解释的“信号”，正是这一信号倾向于使种群从相对较低的数值递增，或从相对较高的数值递减；而与此同时，那些密度独立效应起到的作用则构成了种群动态变化中的“噪音”。
But the play's complex view of Black
self-esteem and human solidarity as
compatible is no more "contradictory"
(25) than Du Bois' famous, well-considered
ideal of ethnic self-awareness
coexisting with human unity, or Fanon's
emphasis on an ideal internationalism
that also accommodates national
(30) identities and roles.
但该剧有关黑人自尊可与人类团结相融合这一复杂观点，丝毫都不比杜波伊斯（Du Bois）的理想或法侬（Fanon）的强调来得更为“矛盾”：杜波伊斯提出的著名的、深思熟虑的理想是，民族的自觉可以和人类大同共存；法侬则对理想的国际主义进行了强调，而这一理想的国际主义同样也能兼容民族身份与角色。 In which of the following does the authorof the passage reinforce his criticismof responses such as Isaacs' to Raisinin the Sun?
题干圈套
Inheritors of some of the
viewpoints of early twentieth-century
Progressive historians such as Beard and
Becker, these recent historians have put
forward arguments that deserve
(10) evaluation.
作为二十世纪早期“进步派”史学家（如Beard和Becker）等人某些观点的继承者，这些近期的史学家所提出的观点值得我们予以评价。
Despite these vague categories, one
should not claim unequivocally that
(55) hostility between recognizable classes
cannot be legitimately observed.
尽管存在这些模糊范畴，但我们不应该断然声称，在各个易于辨认出的阶层之间所存在的敌对态度就无法被合理地观察到。
Yet those who stress the achievement of
a general consensus among the colonists
cannot fully understand that consensus
without understanding the conflicts that
had to be overcome or repressed in order
(85) to reach it.
然而，有些史学家强调在殖民者之间曾出现过一种普遍的一致意见。这些学家如果不认识到各种矛盾的存在，就无法充分地理解这种一致意见，而所有那些矛盾只有在被克服或压制之后才有可能获得那种一致意见。
It can be inferred from the passage that the
author would be most likely to agree with
which of the following statements regarding
socioeconomic class and support for the
rebel and Loyalist causes during the
American Revolutionary War?
插入语多
Although it
has been possible to infer from the
goods and services actually produced
(20) what manufactures and servicing trades
thought their customers wanted, only a
study of relevant personal documents
written by actual consumers will provide
a precise picture of who wanted what.
尽管有可能从实际制造的商品和服务中可推知制造商和服务业认为他们的顾客所需要的是什么，但只有对由实际顾客撰写的相关的个人文件进行一番研究，方能提供一幅精确的图画，藉以说明“什么样的人”需要什么样的东西。
Such philosoph-
ical concerns as the mind-body problem
or, more generally, the nature of
human knowledge they believe, are basic
(10) human questions whose tentative
philosophical solutions have served as
the necessary foundations on which all
other intellectual speculation has
rested.
他们相信，诸如灵与肉的问题，或更普遍而言，人类知识的性质等此类哲学关注，均是一些基本的人类问题，其探索性的哲学答案已构成一个必要的基础，其它所有的智力思辩均赖以建立其上。
The idea of an
autonomous discipline called
(20) "philosophy," distinct from and sitting
in judgment on such pursuits as theology
and science turns out, on close
examination, to be of quite recent
origin.
细作审视，我们便不难发现，一种被称为“哲学”的独立学科——既有别于神学和科学诸般学科，并高高在上地对其予以评判——的思想，其渊源却是甚为近期的事。
But the recent
discovery of detailed similarities in
the skeletal structure of the flippers
in all three groups undermines the
(10) attempt to explain away superficial
resemblance as due to convergent
evolution-the independent development
of similarities between unrelated groups
in response to similar environmental
(15) pressures.
但是，最近在所有这三类动物身上，对鳍肢的骨骼结构所存在的细致共同点的发现足以削弱这样一种企图，即把表面上的近似作为趋同进化所致的结果来将其解释掉。而所谓的趋同进化convergentevolution），是指在互不相关的生物群体之间，作为对类似的环境压力作出的反应，
彼此独立的发展形成某些相同特征。 Human
genes contain too little information even
to specify which hemisphere of the brain
each of a human's 10'' neurons should
occupy, let alone the hundreds of
(10) connections that each neuron makes.
人类因基所包含的信息是如此之少，以致于就连去具体规定人类1011的神经细胞中任意一个细胞应占据大脑的哪个半脑都无法做到，更不用提每个神经细胞所会形成的数百种连接。
These questions are political in the
sense that the debate over them will
inevitably be less an exploration of
abstract matters in a spirit of
(50) disinterested inquiry than an academic
power struggle in which the careers and
professional fortunes of many women
scholars-only now entering the academic
profession in substantial numbers-will
(55) be at stake, and with them the chances
for a distinctive contribution to
humanistic understanding, a contribution
that might be an important influence
against sexism in our society.
这些问题之所以带有政治性质，因为可避免地，围绕这些问题展开的急诊与其说是一种在客观冷静科研精神指导下对抽象问题的探索，倒不如说是一种学术上的权力斗争。在此斗争中，许多女学者中——只是在现在才开始以众多的人数进入学术界——的学术生涯和职业命运将处于存亡攸关的危急关头，与她们相伴随的是对人文理解作出一种独特贡献的机遇，这一贡献则很有可能成为消除我们社会中所存在的性别主义的一股重要影响。
In experiments,an injection
of cytoplasm from dextral eggs
changes the pattern of sinistral eggs,
but an injection from sinistral eggs
(80) does not influence dextral eggs.
在实验中，用取自右旋卵子的细胞质进行的注射，可改变左旋卵子的模式；用取自左旋卵子的细胞质进行的注射却不能影响到右旋卵子
Recently some scientists have
concluded that meteorites found on Earth
and long believed to have a Martian
origin might actually have been blasted
(5) free of Mars's gravity by the impact on
Mars of other meteorites.
最近，某些科学家得出结论认为，那些在地球上发现的并一直被相信源自火星的陨石（meteorite），实际上有可能是由于其它的陨石撞击火星而致使其被震离火星的重力作用范围。
Under the force of this view,
it was perhaps inevitable that the art
of rhetoric should pass from the status
of being regarded as of questionable
(10) worth (because although it might be both
a source of pleasure and a means to urge
people to right action, it might also be
a means to distort truth and a source of
misguided action) to the status of being
(15) wholly condemned.
在这种观点的力量作用下，一件或许是不可避免的事情发生了：修辞艺术竟然从被视和具有让人怀疑的价值这样一种地位（因为尽管它有可能既构成一种歪曲真理的手段和误导行为的来源）转变到彻底遭谴责的地位。
None of these
(15) translations to screen and stage,
however, dramatize the anarchy at the
conclusion of A Connecticut Yankee,
which ends with the violent overthrow
of Morgan's three-year-old progressive
(20) order and his return to the nineteenth
century, where he apparently commits
suicide after being labeled a lunatic
for his incoherent babblings about
drawbridges and battlements.
然则，在所有这些被搬上银幕和舞台的改编作品中，没有任何一部作品能生动地再现《康乃涅克州的美国佬》结尾处的无政府状态。而在原作结尾处所描述的情节是，摩根历时三年之久苦心经营的进步事业被暴力推翻，他又重返于十九世纪，在由于他的那些有关吊桥和城垛的语无伦次的唠叨而被列为疯子之后，显然自杀身亡。
Calculations of the density of alloys
based on Bernal-type models of the
alloys metal component agreed fairly
well with the experimentally determined
values from measurements on alloys
(55) consisting of a noble metal together
with a metalloid, such as alloys of
palladium and silicon, or alloys con-
sisting of iron, phosphorus,and carbon,
although small discrepancies remained.
以伯纳尔所建立的旨在研究合金中金属成分的那类模型为基础，研究人员对合金密度进行了计算，这些计算相当程度上与某些合金测量中通过实验确定的数据趋于一致，尽管一些细小的差异依然存在。实验中测量的那类合金由一贵金属和一准 金属构成，例如，钯和硅的合金，或由铁、磷、和碳组成的合金。
It is now established that the Milky
Way is far more extended and of much
greater mass than was hitherto thought.
现在，这已成为一个不争的事实：银河系要比迄今为止所想象的要来得远为浩瀚广阔，并具有远高得多的质量。
And Walzer advocates as
the means of eliminating this tyranny
and of restoring genuine equality
"the abolition of the power of money
outside its sphere"
沃尔泽倡议，作为消除这种专制暴政和恢复真正平等的手段，应“废除钱在其范围之外的作用。”
Is it not tyrannical, in Pascal's sense,
to insist that those who excel in "sensi-
tivity" or "the ability to express
(65) compassion" merit equal wealth with
those who excel in qualities (such as
"the capacity for hard work") essential
in producing wealth?
如果坚持认为，那些擅长于“敏感”和“善于表达怜悯之心”的人，应获取与那些擅长于在物质财富创造过程中所不可或缺的品质（诸如“勤奋工作的能力”）的人同等的物质财富，这按帕斯卡尔的意思，难 道就不也是专制暴政吗？
Yet Waizer's
argument, however deficient, does
(70) point to one of the most serious weak-
nesses of capitalism-namely, that it
brings to predominant positions in a
society people who, no matter how
legitimately they have earned their
(75) material rewards, often lack those
other qualities that evoke affection
or admiration.
然则，沃尔泽的论点，无论它不充分到何种地步，确实揭示了资本主义体制中最严重的一个弱点，即它将某一类人置于社会中的显赫地位置，这类人无论以怎样合法的方式获得了其物质报偿，却常常缺乏其它那些能唤起他人受戴和钦佩的品质。
The
appreciation of traditional oral
American Indian literature has been
limited, hampered by poor translations
(10) and by the difficulty, even in the rare
culturally sensitive and aesthetically
satisfying translation, of completely
conveying the original's verse
structure, tone, and syntax.
对美国印第安人传统口头文学的欣赏，一直被质量低劣的翻译所 限制和妨碍，并且即使是那种不可多得的既体现着文化敏感性，又在美学上令人满意的译作，也难以完全传递出原作的诗体结构、语调和句法。
Mores,
which embodied each culture's ideal
principles for governing every citizen,
(15) were developed in the belief that the
foundation of a community lies in the
cultivation of individual powers to be
placed in service to the community.
“风俗习惯”，体现了每一文化制约每个公民的理想准则，它是在这种信仰中发展而来的，即一个社会的基础在于个人能力的培养，并将这些个人能力置于对社会 的服务之中。
Only in the case of
the February Revolution do we lack
a useful description of participants
that might characterize it in the
(20) light of what social history has
taught us about the process of revolu-
tionary mobilization.
唯独在二月革命（the February Revolution）这一情形中，我们缺乏一种有用的有关参加者的描述，而这一描述则有可能按照社会历史有关革命动员过程所教给我们的内容来勾画出这场革命的性质。
Anthropologists
and others are on much firmer ground
(15) when they attempt to describe the
cultural norms for a small homogeneous
tribe or village than when they
undertake the formidable task of
discovering the norms that exist in a
(20) complex modern nation state composed
of many disparate groups.
当人类学家和其他人试图去描述一个小规模的同一性质（homogeneous）部落或村落的文化标准时，他们处在一种要坚实得多的基础上。相对而言，当他们着手从事这样一个艰巨的任务，即去揭示存在于一个复杂的、由许多彼此间毫无联系的群体所构成的现代单一民族的独立国家（nation-state）时，他们就具备一个同样坚实的基础。
It has
thus generally been by way of the
emphasis on oral literary creativity
(10) that these Chicano writers, whose
English language works are sometimes
uninspired, developed the powerful and
arresting language that characterized
their Spanish-language works.
因此，一般而言，正是通过对口头文学创造性的强调，这些奇卡诺作家——其英语作品时常显得缺乏灵感——才得以发展一种强有力的和富于吸引力的语言，并以此构成了他们西班牙语作品的特征。
To measure
them properly, monitoring equipment
would have to be laid out on a grid
(50) at intervals of at most 50 kilometers,
with sensors at each grid point
lowered deep in the ocean and kept
there for many months.
为了恰当地测量它们，监测设备必须被设置在一网络上，彼此的间距最多为五十公里，位于每个网点的感应器沉放至海洋深处，并在许多个月中一直固定在那里。
This
(15) declaration, which was echoed in the
text of the Fourteenth Amendment, was
designed primarily to counter the
Supreme Court's ruling in Dred Scott v.
Sandford that Black people in the United
(20) States could be denied citizenship.
这一在第十四条修正案的文本中被复述的宣言，主要是旨在对抗最高法院在“Dred Scott诉Sandford”一案中的判决，此判决裁定，在美国的黑人可被剥夺公民权。
The broad language of the amendment
strongly suggests that its framers were
proposing to write into the Constitution
not a laundry list of specific civil
(35) rights but a principle of equal citizen-
ship that forbids organized society from
treating any individual as a member of
an inferior class.
第十四条修正案的宽泛笼统的语言强烈地暗示，其制定者所意欲载入宪法的不是一张具体民法的细目清单，而是一种平等公民权的原则，这一原则禁止有组织的社会将任何一个个人作为劣等阶层的成员来对待。
This doctrine has broadened
the application of the Fourteenth Amend-
ment to other, nonracial forms of
discrimination, for while some justices
(70) have refused to find, any legislative
classification other than race to be
constitutionally disfavored, most have
been receptive to arguments that at
least some nonracial discriminations.
(75) sexual Discrimination in particular,
are "suspect" and deserve this heightened
scrutiny by the courts.
所谓“怀疑分类”，意指那种在有可能被理解成以种族为基础，针对某一群体进行的歧视这一信条扩展了第十四条修正案的适用范围，使其同样也适用于其它的、非种族形式 的歧视。因为虽然某些法官拒不将除种族以外的立法分类裁定为非法的，但绝大多数法官已经接受了这样一个论点，即至少某些非种族性质的歧视，尤其是性别歧视，是“值得怀疑的”，并理应接受法庭这种更高程度上的审视。
